Bone Anatomy Flashcards
Function of the skeletal system
Support Protection Movement Hemopoiesis Mineral storage Balance and equilibrium
Bone forms in response to
Heredity Nutrition Disease Biochemical(hormones)-hyperthyroidism Stress-0 gravity vs exercise
How many bones in the human body(not including sessamoid bones(small bones found within cartilage)
206
How many bones engage in voluntary movement?
About 177
How many axial bones?
80
What are included in the axial bones?
head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum.
How many appendicular bones?
126
List appendicular bones
arms, shoulders, wrist, hands, legs, hips, ankles and feet
How are bones classified?
Shape
Name the different classifications of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
What percentage of bones are minerals?
50-60%
What percentage of the bones are composed of water?
25-30%
What percentage of bone is composed of organic matter?
10-20%
What does the following describe: 95%, polypeptide chains, protein substance, extracted as glue) runs the length of the bone, most abundant protein in the body, withstands tension
Collagen
What does the following describe: extracellular mateiral, space filler that inhibits calcification
Ground substance
What does the following describe:
Most abundant mineral in the body
required for vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion; 99% of the body’s supply in bones and teeth
Calcium
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact and spongy/trabecular
Thin tissue that lines the inner surface(medullary cavity) of all bones
Endosteum
Membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones; contain cells that develop into osteoblasts
Periosteum
Connects bone to periosteum; muscle attached to periosteum and tendon
Sharpey’s fibers
Basic fundamental unit of compact bone
Haversian system(osteon)
Resembling the growth rings of a tree these are circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal.
Concentric lamellae
Small spaces which contain osteocyte between the concentric lamellae
Lacunae
Radiating in all directions from the lacunae are these small channels which are filled with extracellular fluid.
Canaliculi
Bone features
Diaphysis Epiphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Nutrient foramen
Enters the compact bone at an oblique angle through a hole called the nutrient foramen
Nutrient artery
Forms the tissue and minerals that give bone its strength
Osteoblast
In bone marrow- absorbs and removes unwanted tissue
Osteoclast
Helps maintain bone as living tissue
Osteocyte
Name the different type of bone cells
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Hematopoietic cells
These produce blood cells
Hematopoietic cells
What does the following describe? Produces RBC
RBC hemolysis
500 billion/d
At birth all is red
Adults- yellow in medullary cavity, red in flat bones
Bone marrow
Occurs along a template of membrane in flat bones(skull) w/o Haversian systems(sutures) Osteoblasts attach to membrane, ossifying from the center of the bone outward. Flat bones- skull scapula clavicle.
Intramembranous ossification
Two types of embryonic bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
A cartilage model, surrounded by perichondrium, is produced by chondroblasts that become chondrocytes enclosed by cartilage matrix; the perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum and a bone collar is produced. Internally the chondrocytes hypertrophy, and calcified cartilage is formed
Endochondral ossification
This is a primary center of ossification in the formation of long bone
Diaphysis
This is the secondary ossification center in the formation of long bone
Epiphysis
The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by a layer of uncalcified cartilage called the ——–, where all growth in bone length occurs.
Epiphyseal plate
As long as epiphyseal disc is present bone ——–
grows
What age does a major closure of the epiphyseal disc occur?
17-19
This is an irritation of the patellar tendon at the tibial tuberosity
Osgood Schlatters Disease
Most common cause of heel pain in the growing athlete
Sever’s disease
A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones
Paget’s disease
Most common type of bone disease; occurs when the bod fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body or both.
Osteoporosis
Combines isometric contraction and passive stretching
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNP)
Three classifications of joints by function
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
What are the three joint classifications by structure?
Fibrous
Cartilagonous
Synovial
Freely movable joint that secretes fluid
Synovial
Joint unites two bones by either fibro or hyaline
Cartilaginous
Joint bound by fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous
Cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting inorganic salts
Osteoblast
Large, multinuclear cell that resorbs(destroys) bone matrix
Osteoclast
Mature bone cell
Osteocyte
Joint classified by movement with 2 deg of freedom; 1 plane
Uniaxial
Joint classified by movement with 4 deg of freedom; 2 planes
Biaxial
Describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint.
Reciprocal inhibition
To examine by touch; the process of examining something or someone using your hand.
Palpation
