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Applied Anatomy > Bone Anatomy > Flashcards

Bone Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A 
Support 
Protection 
Movement 
Hemopoiesis 
Mineral storage
Balance and equilibrium
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1
Q

Bone forms in response to

A 
Heredity
Nutrition
Disease
Biochemical(hormones)-hyperthyroidism 
Stress-0 gravity vs exercise
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2
Q

How many bones in the human body(not including sessamoid bones(small bones found within cartilage)

A

206

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3
Q

How many bones engage in voluntary movement?

A

About 177

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4
Q

How many axial bones?

A

80

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5
Q

What are included in the axial bones?

A

head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum.

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6
Q

How many appendicular bones?

A

126

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7
Q

List appendicular bones

A

arms, shoulders, wrist, hands, legs, hips, ankles and feet

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8
Q

How are bones classified?

A

Shape

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9
Q

Name the different classifications of bones

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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10
Q

What percentage of bones are minerals?

A

50-60%

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11
Q

What percentage of the bones are composed of water?

A

25-30%

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12
Q

What percentage of bone is composed of organic matter?

A

10-20%

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13
Q

What does the following describe: 95%, polypeptide chains, protein substance, extracted as glue) runs the length of the bone, most abundant protein in the body, withstands tension

A

Collagen

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14
Q

What does the following describe: extracellular mateiral, space filler that inhibits calcification

A

Ground substance

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15
Q

What does the following describe:
Most abundant mineral in the body
required for vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion; 99% of the body’s supply in bones and teeth

A

Calcium

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16
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and spongy/trabecular

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17
Q

Thin tissue that lines the inner surface(medullary cavity) of all bones

A

Endosteum

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18
Q

Membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones; contain cells that develop into osteoblasts

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

Connects bone to periosteum; muscle attached to periosteum and tendon

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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20
Q

Basic fundamental unit of compact bone

A

Haversian system(osteon)

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21
Q

Resembling the growth rings of a tree these are circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal.

A

Concentric lamellae

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22
Q

Small spaces which contain osteocyte between the concentric lamellae

A

Lacunae

23
Q

Radiating in all directions from the lacunae are these small channels which are filled with extracellular fluid.

A

Canaliculi

24
Q

Bone features

A 
Diaphysis 
Epiphysis 
Periosteum 
Medullary cavity 
Endosteum 
Nutrient foramen
25
Q

Enters the compact bone at an oblique angle through a hole called the nutrient foramen

A

Nutrient artery

26
Q

Forms the tissue and minerals that give bone its strength

A

Osteoblast

27
Q

In bone marrow- absorbs and removes unwanted tissue

A

Osteoclast

28
Q

Helps maintain bone as living tissue

A

Osteocyte

29
Q

Name the different type of bone cells

A

Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Hematopoietic cells

30
Q

These produce blood cells

A

Hematopoietic cells

31
Q

What does the following describe? Produces RBC
RBC hemolysis
500 billion/d
At birth all is red
Adults- yellow in medullary cavity, red in flat bones

A

Bone marrow

32
Q

Occurs along a template of membrane in flat bones(skull) w/o Haversian systems(sutures) Osteoblasts attach to membrane, ossifying from the center of the bone outward. Flat bones- skull scapula clavicle.

A

Intramembranous ossification

33
Q

Two types of embryonic bone formation

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

34
Q

A cartilage model, surrounded by perichondrium, is produced by chondroblasts that become chondrocytes enclosed by cartilage matrix; the perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum and a bone collar is produced. Internally the chondrocytes hypertrophy, and calcified cartilage is formed

A

Endochondral ossification

35
Q

This is a primary center of ossification in the formation of long bone

A

Diaphysis

36
Q

This is the secondary ossification center in the formation of long bone

A

Epiphysis

37
Q

The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by a layer of uncalcified cartilage called the ——–, where all growth in bone length occurs.

A

Epiphyseal plate

38
Q

As long as epiphyseal disc is present bone ——–

A

grows

39
Q

What age does a major closure of the epiphyseal disc occur?

A

17-19

40
Q

This is an irritation of the patellar tendon at the tibial tuberosity

A

Osgood Schlatters Disease

41
Q

Most common cause of heel pain in the growing athlete

A

Sever’s disease

42
Q

A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones

A

Paget’s disease

43
Q

Most common type of bone disease; occurs when the bod fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body or both.

A

Osteoporosis

44
Q

Combines isometric contraction and passive stretching

A

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNP)

45
Q

Three classifications of joints by function

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

46
Q

What are the three joint classifications by structure?

A

Fibrous
Cartilagonous
Synovial

47
Q

Freely movable joint that secretes fluid

A

Synovial

48
Q

Joint unites two bones by either fibro or hyaline

A

Cartilaginous

49
Q

Joint bound by fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibrous

50
Q

Cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting inorganic salts

A

Osteoblast

51
Q

Large, multinuclear cell that resorbs(destroys) bone matrix

A

Osteoclast

52
Q

Mature bone cell

A

Osteocyte

53
Q

Joint classified by movement with 2 deg of freedom; 1 plane

A

Uniaxial

54
Q

Joint classified by movement with 4 deg of freedom; 2 planes

A

Biaxial

55
Q

Describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint.

A

Reciprocal inhibition

56
Q

To examine by touch; the process of examining something or someone using your hand.

A

Palpation

Applied Anatomy (13 decks)

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