Bone

Question 1

What is the impact of Estrogen on bone modelling?

Answer 1

It inhibits osteoclast resorption and periosteal formation

Question 2

As we age, what happens to our bone in terms of the size?

Answer 2

The size increase via periosteal bone formation
But we lose endocardial bone via resorption

Question 3

What cell can become an osteocyte

Answer 3

Osteoblasts

Question 4

Osteoclasts take how long to eat away at bone?

Answer 4

3-4 weeks

Question 5

Full osteoid mineralisation takes how long?

Answer 5

About a year

Question 6

Over what timeframe does activation of osteoclasts occur?

Answer 6

10 days

Question 7

A bones ability to resist mechanical load comes down to what three factors ?

Answer 7

1. Quantity - mass and density
2. Organisation - architecture
3. Quality - mineral, micro damage, collagen

Question 8

What are the 6 risk factors for RED-S

Answer 8

1. BMD <1
2. 12 hours or more of exercise a week
3. BMI <21
4. Oligo-amenorrhea
5. Elevated dietary restraint
6. Participation in “leanness” required sports

Question 9

What was found to be an effective CMJ dosage program for improving bone density

Answer 9

20 jumps, 3 times a day and 3 times a week

Question 10

What is the most common BSI region in basketball ?

Answer 10

MT

Question 11

Three most common regions for BSI in long distance running ?

Answer 11

Tib/Fib

MT

Femur

Question 12

Name 5 high risk BSI regions?

Answer 12

1. Femoral neck
2. Anterior tibial cortex
3. Navicular
4. Base of 2nd MT
5. Proximal shaft of 5th MT

Question 13

What is the first stage of imaging algorithm in a suspected BSI?

Answer 13

X-ray - if negative and not suspected at a high risk site, then crack on

Question 14

What is the T vs Z score?

Answer 14

T = BMD compared to 30 year old healthy sex matched

Z = BMD COMPARED TO AGE AND sex matched individual

Question 15

At what point does someone have OP

Answer 15

-2.5 points below where the should be

Question 16

What does QCT stand for

Answer 16

Quantitative computer tomography

Question 17

With bone loading, is volume or intensity more important ?

Answer 17

Intensity

Question 18

Uphill and up stairs compared to flat, what’s the difference for born stress

Answer 18

Uphill is much less force through the bone

Question 19

What loads the bone more, overground or treadmill running?

Answer 19

Overground

Question 20

What loads the bone more, stair climber or treadmill?

Answer 20

Treadmill

Question 21

What three factors reduce when increasing cadence ?

Answer 21

1. Step length
2. Vertical excursion
3. Braking force

Question 22

How does increasing cadence reduce braking forces

Answer 22

Leads to less overstriding, which results in a more vertical tibia = less eccentric loading through tibia

Question 23

What is the leading hypothesis for how osteocytes sense mechanical load ?

Answer 23

Compression side of the bone cause fluid to flow to the tension side

Question 24

What two exercise factors need to be high to induce adaption to bone cells?

Answer 24

Magnitude - think resistance training

Rate - think ploys

Question 25

What’s the optimal dosage for bone loading programs

Answer 25

Bone goes deaf after around 20-30 loading cycles

Question 26

Over what period of time do bones resensitise and therefore are able to be loaded again ?

Answer 26

4 hrs restores 75%

8 hrs restores 85%

Question 27

When can you only develop bone size?

Answer 27

When young

Question 28

When does periosteal absorption occur?

Answer 28

It never does. Your bone loses endocortical mass (from the inside) as you age

Question 29

How well does bone size last through the life span if you’d played sport younger?

Answer 29

Size and strength generally remains throughout the life span, mass does not

Question 30

Exercising during growth enhances what bone qualities ?

Answer 30

Mass and size

Question 31

After developing a robust skeleton from adolescence, what qualities can remain into older age?

Answer 31

Size and strength