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human anatomy exam 2 > bone > Flashcards

bone Flashcards

1
Q

bone

A

supporting connective tissue

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2
Q

tissue characteristics

A

-complex organs containing all four tissue types
-extracellular matrix is sturdy and rigid due to deposition of minerals

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3
Q

general functions

A

-structural support/body framework
-protection of more delicate organs
-movement (attachment site for muscles)
-hemopoiesis
-storage of mineral and energy reserves

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4
Q

hemopoiesis

A

blood cell production in red bone marrow

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5
Q

storage of mineral and energy reserves

A

-calcium and phosphate
-lipids stored in yellow marrow

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6
Q

bone classifications

A

long, short, flat, and irregular

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7
Q

long bones

A

-longer than wide
-most appendages

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8
Q

short bones

A

-equal in length and width
-tarsal bone

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9
Q

flat bones

A

-broad and thin
-cranium bones

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10
Q

irregular bones

A

-don’t fit in other categories
-unusually shaped

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11
Q

three regions of long bones

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphysis

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone

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13
Q

epiphysis

A

-end of bone
-each has two
-proximal and distal
-typically spongy

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14
Q

metaphysis

A

in between diaphysis and epiphysis

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15
Q

articular cartilage

A

-at the end of long bones
-function: protection

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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

-area in center of diaphysis that contains no spongy bone
-contains yellow bone marrow in adult bones

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17
Q

spongy bone

A

-contains red bone marrow: hemopoiesis
-where new blood cells are produced

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18
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining the internal surfaces of the bone

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19
Q

periosteum

A

covers the external surface of the bone where there is no articular cartilage

20
Q

blood supply of bones

A

highly vascularized

21
Q

innervation

A

-nerves accompany blood vessels through the nutrient foramen
-innervate (communicate) bone tissue, periosteum
-primarily sensory nerves

22
Q

types of bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

23
Q

osteoproenitor cells

A

cells that will become bone cells

24
Q

osteoprogenitor cells turn into

A

osteoblasts

25
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete osteoid, form bone matrix, and build bone tissue

26
Q

osteocytes

A

-cells that have become trapped in the bone
-detect stress or strain on the bone
-spider-like

27
Q

osteoclasts

A

-dissolve or break down bone
-can deposit calcium into the blood

28
Q

compact bone

A

-made up of osteons
-heavy

29
Q

spongy bone

A

-made up of trabeculae
-coarse

30
Q

osteon structure of the compact bone

A

-also known as a haversian system
-cylindrical structures
-run parallel to the diaphysis
-contain central canals and concentric lamellae

31
Q

central canal

A

-open space in the core of the osteon
-contains arteries, veins, and nerves

32
Q

concentric lamellae

A

layers of the osteon

33
Q

canaliculi

A

spaces where canals within the bone can communicate

34
Q

perforating canals

A

-openings perpendicular to the central canal
-allow blood vessels to travel

35
Q

spongy bone characteristics

A

-lack osteons: makes bone less strong
-trabeculae contains parallel lamellae
-distributes stress from mechanical forces across framework

36
Q

ossification

A

formation of bone connective tissue

37
Q

two patterns of ossification

A

intramembranous and endochondral

38
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

-has no cartilage
-produces flat bones
-bones develop from mesenchyme membrane
-calcification entraps osteoblasts within lacunae in bone matrix
-osteoblasts become osteocytes

39
Q

some examples of bones produced by intramembranous ossification

A

-flat bones of skull
-some facial bones
-mandible
-central portion of clavicle

40
Q

steps of intramembranous ossification

A

1) ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme
2) osteoid undergoes calcification
3) woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form

41
Q

endochondral ossification

A

-contains cartilage
-formation of most bones of skeleton
-bones develop from hyaline cartilage model

42
Q

some examples of bones produced by endochondral ossification

A

-upper/lower limbs
-pelvis
-vertebrae
-ends of clavicles

43
Q

steps of endochondral ossification

A

1) fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
2) cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms
3) primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
4) secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
5) bone replaces cartilage, except for articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
6) epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

44
Q

long bone’s growth in length happens

A

within the bone; interstitial growth

45
Q

bone’s growth in diameter happens

A

from the outside; appositional growth

46
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

-site of interstitial growth
-consists of five distinct microscopic zones

47
Q

five microscopic zones

A

-resting cartilage
-proliferating cartilage
-hypertrophic cartilage
-calcified cartilage
-ossification

human anatomy exam 2 (8 decks)

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