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human anatomy exam 2 > axial skeleton > Flashcards

axial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

-skull
-vertebral column
-thoracic cage

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2
Q

general functions of the axial skeleton

A

-protect organs
-house special senses
-muscle attachment
-hematopoiesis

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3
Q

skull is composed of

A

cranial and facial bones

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4
Q

number of cranial bones

A

8

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5
Q

unpaired cranial bone

A

-ethmoid
-frontal
-occipital
-sphenoid

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6
Q

paired cranial bones

A

-parietal
-temporal

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7
Q

number of facial bones

A

14

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8
Q

facial bones have no

A

brain contact

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9
Q

unpaired facial bones

A

-vomer
-mandible

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10
Q

paired facial bones

A

-maxillae
-nasal
-lacrimal
-zygomatic
-palatine
-inferior nasal conchae bones

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11
Q

many bones have passageways for

A

blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

sutures

A

immovable joints

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13
Q

four major sutures of the skull

A

-sagittal
-coronal
-lambdoid
-squamous

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14
Q

it is common for individuals to have what kind of sutural bones

A

small sutural bones

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15
Q

what do sutures start doing during adulthood

A

disappear as bones fuse

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16
Q

calvaria

A

-skull cap
-parietal bones, and parts of frontal and occipital bones

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17
Q

base of cranium

A

-floor
-where the brain lays
-parts of ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones

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18
Q

three cranial fossae in the floor of the cranial cavity

A

-anterior cranial fossa
-middle cranial fossa
-posterior cranial fossa

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19
Q

functions of the face bones

A

-give shape to the face
-form part of the orbital and nasal cavities
-support teeth
-serve as attachment sites for muscles of expression and chewing

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20
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

cavities within the skull

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21
Q

function of paranasal sinuses

A

lighten the skull

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22
Q

orbits

A

bony cavities in the skull that hold and protect the eyes

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23
Q

orbits consist of

A

-multiple bones
-muscles that move eyes

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24
Q

auditory ossicles

A

three tiny bones in petrous part of each temporal bone

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25
Q

function of auditory ossicles

A

help with hearing

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26
Q

three auditory ossicles

A

-malleus
-incus
-stapes

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27
Q

hyoid bone

A

located between the mandible and larynx

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28
Q

hyoid bone does not articulate with

A

any other bone

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29
Q

function of hyoid bone

A

attachment site for tongue and muscles of larynx used in swallowing

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30
Q

fontanelles

A

flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue used to connect infant cranial bones

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31
Q

major fontanelles

A

-mastoid
-sphenoidal
-posterior
-anterior

32
Q

vertebral column is composed of

A

26 bones

33
Q

number of individual vertebrae in the vertebral column

A

24

34
Q

number of cervical vertebrae

A

7 (C1-C7)

35
Q

number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12 (T1-T12)

36
Q

number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5 (L1-L5)

37
Q

two inferior bones of the vertebral column that are fusions of several vertebrae

A

sacrum and coccyx

38
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

39
Q

coccyx

A

-3-4 fused vertebrae
-tail bone

40
Q

functions of vertebral column

A

-vertical support of body
-stable support for appendicular skeleton
-protect spinal cord
-passageway for spinal nerves

41
Q

four spinal curvatures present in adults

A

-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar
-sacral

42
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature

43
Q

kyphosis

A

-exaggerated thoracic curvature
-posterior
-common in people with osteoporosis

44
Q

lordosis

A

-exaggerated lumbar curvature
-anterior
-common in pregnant women

45
Q

intervertebral discs

A

-pads in-between vertebrae that help absorb compressive forces
-allow vertebral column to bend

46
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

deeper, jelly-like center

47
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

ring surrounding nucleus pulposus

48
Q

herniated/slipped disc

A

-anulus fibrosus ruptures, allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude
-puts pressure on spinal nerve roots, causing pain
-usually caused by heavy lifting

49
Q

treatments of herniated/slipped disc

A

-heat
-medication
-physical therapy
-surgery

50
Q

most vertebrae have these features

A

-body
-vertebral arch
-vertebral foramen
-pedicles
-laminae
-intervertebral foramina
-spinous process
-transverse process
-superior articular process/facet
-inferior articular process/facet

51
Q

body

A

weight bearing region

52
Q

vertebral arch

A

attaches to body from vertebral foramen

53
Q

pedicles

A

-feet of the arch
-connect arch to body

54
Q

laminae

A

-posterior extensions of the arch
-close to spinous process

55
Q

spinous process

A

projects posteriorly

56
Q

transverse process

A

projects laterally

57
Q

superior articular process/facet

A

joins with vertebra above

58
Q

inferior articular process/facet

A

joins with vertebra below

59
Q

atlas (C1)

A

-no body or spinous process
-has posterior/anterior tubercles
-has deep superior articular facets that articulate with occipital condyles

60
Q

axis (C2)

A

-has a dens that projects superiorly from the body

61
Q

function of dens

A

-allows head to rotate
-acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and skull

62
Q

C3-C7

A

-bifid spinous process (except C7)
-transverse foramina
-articular facts lie in oblique plane
-superior articular facets face superoposteriorly
-inferior articular facets face inferioanteriorly

63
Q

T1-T12

A

-articulate with ribs
-costal facets on vertebral body and transverse processes
-spinous processes are long and point inferiorly
-articular facets lie in a frontal plane
-superior articular facets face posteriorly
-inferior articular facets face anteriorly

64
Q

L1-L5

A

-larger than other two levels
-spinous processes are large, blunt, and point directly posteriorly
-articular facets lie in a sagittal plane
-superior articular facets face medially
-inferior articular facets face laterally

65
Q

sacrum

A

triangular bone forming posterior wall of pelvic cavity

66
Q

number of fused vertebrae of the sacrum

A

5

67
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

68
Q

number of fused vertebrae of the coccyx

A

3-5

69
Q

thoracic cage

A

bony frame around chest composed of thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, and sternum anteriorly

70
Q

functions of the thoracic cage

A

-protect heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, other thoracic organs
-muscle attachments such as pectoral girdles

71
Q

sternum

A

breastbone in anterior midline

72
Q

three parts of the sternum

A

-manubrium (suprasternal/jugular notch, clavicular notches)
-body
-xiphoid process

73
Q

ribs

A

-12 pairs
-articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae

74
Q

true ribs

A

ribs 1-7

75
Q

false ribs

A

ribs 8-12

76
Q

floating ribs

A

ribs 11-12

human anatomy exam 2 (8 decks)

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