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human anatomy exam 2 > articulations > Flashcards

articulations Flashcards

1
Q

articulation

A

-joint
-point of contact between one bone and another bone, cartilage, or teeth

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2
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

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3
Q

articulations vary in

A

stability and mobility

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4
Q

articulations are classified based on

A

-joint structure
-amount of mobility/function

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5
Q

fibrous joints

A

-bones held together by dense connective tissue
-no joint capsule

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6
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

-bones held together by cartilage
-no joint capsule

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7
Q

synovial joints

A

have joint capsules

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8
Q

synarthrosis

A

immovable

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9
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable

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10
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely moveable

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11
Q

degree of movement from immovable to freely

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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12
Q

gomphoses

A

peg and socket joint

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13
Q

sutures

A

-joints between skull bones
-no movement

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14
Q

syndesmoses

A

-joints between parallel bones
-slight movement

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15
Q

bones joined by dense regular connective tissue

A

gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses

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16
Q

bones joined by cartilage

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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17
Q

synchondroses

A

joints joined together by hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

symphyses

A

bones joined together by fibrocartilage

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19
Q

synovial joints

A

-freely mobile diarthrosis
-articulating bones separated by a joint cavity
-include commonly known joints (knee, elbow)

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20
Q

major structural components of synovial joints

A

-articular capsule
-joint cavity
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage
-ligaments
-nerves and blood vessels

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21
Q

function of synovial fluid

A

helps decrease friction

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22
Q

articular capsule (outer)

A

-outer fibrous layer: regular CT
-function: joint stability

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23
Q

articular capsule (inner)

A

-inner synovial membrane
-function: secretes synovial fluid

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24
Q

articular cartilage

A

-articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
-reduces friction and acts as shock absorber

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25
Q

ligaments

A

-dense regular CT
-connect bone to bone
-strengthen and reinforce capsule
-extrinsic and intrinsic

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26
Q

extrinsic ligaments

A

separate from articular capsule

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27
Q

intrinsic ligaments

A

-thickening of articular capsule
-extracapsular, intracapsular ligaments

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28
Q

sensory nerves

A

-detect pain, injury
-detect amount of stretch in a joint (posture, movement)

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29
Q

blood vessels

A

nourish tissues within the joint

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30
Q

bursae

A

-fluid-filled sacs
-contain synovial fluid

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31
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist, ankle) where tendons rub each other

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32
Q

fat pads

A

-packing material
-provide protection

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33
Q

plane joints

A

-uniaxial
-side to side movement

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34
Q

hinge joints

A

-uniaxial
-like a hinge of a door
-elbows and knees
-movement in one plane

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35
Q

pivot joints

A

-uniaxial
-one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis

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36
Q

condylar joints

A

-biaxial
-oval or concave surface of one bone, convex of the other

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37
Q

saddle joints

A

-biaxial
-joint surfaces resemble saddle shape

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38
Q

ball-and-socket joints

A

-multiaxial
-spherical head into cuplike socket
-should and hip
-greatest range of motion
-freely moveable

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39
Q

four types of motion that can occur at synovial joints

A

-gliding
-angular
-rotational
-special movements

40
Q

gliding motion

A

-occurs primarily in plane joints
-no change in joint angles
-bones slide slightly back-and-forth or side-to-side
-limited motion

41
Q

angular motion

A

-increases or decreases angles between two bones
-flexion, extension, hyperextension

42
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle between bones

43
Q

extension

A

increases angle between bones

44
Q

hyperextension

A

angle is increased to great than 180 degrees

45
Q

lateral flexion

A

trunk of body moves in coronal plane laterally away from midline of body

46
Q

movement of lateral flexion

A

primarily between cervical and lumbar vertebrae

47
Q

why is lateral flexion not in thoracic vertebrae

A

it is where the ribs are

48
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline

49
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline

50
Q

angular motion of hand at wrist

A

-radial deviation (movement toward radius)
-ulnar deviation (movement toward ulna)

51
Q

angular motion at the digits

A

middle finger is considered the midline

52
Q

circumduction

A

-proximal end of appendage remains stationary, and the distal end moves in an arc
-ball and socket

53
Q

depression

A

movement downward/inferiorly

54
Q

elevation

A

raising of a body part

55
Q

protraction

A

movement anteriorly

56
Q

retraction

A

movement posteriorly

57
Q

inversion

A

sole of foot faces toward the midline

58
Q

eversion

A

sole of foot faces laterally

59
Q

dorsiflexion

A

-on heels
-raising toes

60
Q

plantar flexion

A

on tip toes

61
Q

opposition of thumb and little finger

A

-touch tip of fingers with thumb
-allows grasping

62
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

-modified hinge joint
-TMJ dislocation: can’t close your mouth
-TMJ pain

63
Q

TMJ: articulating structures

A

-head of mandible
-temporal bone

64
Q

acromioclavicular joint: articulating structures

A

-acromial end of clavicle
-acromion of scapula

65
Q

acromioclavicular joint: supporting ligaments

A

-acromioclavicular ligament
-coracoclavicular ligament

66
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

67
Q

glenohumeral joint: features

A

-fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum: ring of cartilage to keep joints stable
-ligaments: caracoacromial, coracohumeral, glenohumeral
-tendon of biceps brachii
-rotator cuff muscles

68
Q

shoulder separation

A

acromioclavicular joint

69
Q

shoulder dislocation

A

glenohumeral joint

70
Q

elbow joint

A

-diarthrotic hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
-trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna
-capitulum of humerus with head of radius
-both joints enclosed in single articular capsule

71
Q

elbow joint: tendons

A

-biceps brachii
-triceps brachii

72
Q

elbow joint: supporting ligaments

A

-radial (lateral) collateral ligament
-ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
-annular ligament

73
Q

collateral ligament

A

ligament on the outside

74
Q

tommy john surgery

A

ulnar collateral ligament stretches and strains

75
Q

annular ligament

A

ring-like ligament that travels around the head of the radius

76
Q

hip (coxal) joint

A

diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint

77
Q

hip joint: articulating bones

A

-head of femur
-acetabulum of os coxae

78
Q

hip joint: features

A

-acetabulur labrum of fibrocartilage
-articulate capsule with retinacular fibers around neck of femur

79
Q

hip joint: ligaments

A

-iliofemoral
-ischiofemoral
-pubofemoral
-ligament of head of femur

80
Q

knee joint

A

-diarthrotic hinge joint containing two articulations (tibiofemoral and patellofemoral)
-largest and most complex diarthrosis of body
-prepatellar bursa

81
Q

tibiofemoral joint

A

between tibial condyles and femoral condyles

82
Q

patellofemoral joint

A

between patella and patellar surface of femur

83
Q

knee joint: supporting structures

A

fibrocartilage pads on tibial condyles (medial meniscus and lateral meniscus)

84
Q

function of medial and lateral menisci

A

keep condyles together

85
Q

knee joint: supporting structures

A

-quadriceps tendon continuous with patellar ligament
-fibular (lateral) collateral ligament: femur to fibula
-tibial (medial) collateral ligament: femur to tibia
-anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL)

86
Q

cruciate

A

cross within the intercondylar fossa

87
Q

torn meniscus

A

-very common
-caused by twisting
-severe cases need surgery

88
Q

torn ACL

A

-planting and moving directions quickly
-surgically repaired

89
Q

torn cartilage

A

caused by aggressive movement

90
Q

sprains

A

-stabilizing ligaments are stretched or torn
-inflammation

91
Q

dislocations

A

bones are forced out of alignment

92
Q

itis

A

inflammation

93
Q

bursitis

A

-inflammation of bursa
-due to friction

94
Q

tendonitis

A

-inflammation of tendon
-due to friction

95
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of joint(s)

96
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

-long term degenerative
-long term wear and tear

97
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

-autoimmune disease
-immune system attacks normal and healthy joint tissue

human anatomy exam 2 (8 decks)

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