articulations Flashcards
articulation
-joint
-point of contact between one bone and another bone, cartilage, or teeth
arthrology
study of joints
articulations vary in
stability and mobility
articulations are classified based on
-joint structure
-amount of mobility/function
fibrous joints
-bones held together by dense connective tissue
-no joint capsule
cartilaginous joints
-bones held together by cartilage
-no joint capsule
synovial joints
have joint capsules
synarthrosis
immovable
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable
diarthrosis
freely moveable
degree of movement from immovable to freely
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
gomphoses
peg and socket joint
sutures
-joints between skull bones
-no movement
syndesmoses
-joints between parallel bones
-slight movement
bones joined by dense regular connective tissue
gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses
bones joined by cartilage
synchondroses and symphyses
synchondroses
joints joined together by hyaline cartilage
symphyses
bones joined together by fibrocartilage
synovial joints
-freely mobile diarthrosis
-articulating bones separated by a joint cavity
-include commonly known joints (knee, elbow)
major structural components of synovial joints
-articular capsule
-joint cavity
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage
-ligaments
-nerves and blood vessels
function of synovial fluid
helps decrease friction
articular capsule (outer)
-outer fibrous layer: regular CT
-function: joint stability
articular capsule (inner)
-inner synovial membrane
-function: secretes synovial fluid
articular cartilage
-articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
-reduces friction and acts as shock absorber
ligaments
-dense regular CT
-connect bone to bone
-strengthen and reinforce capsule
-extrinsic and intrinsic
extrinsic ligaments
separate from articular capsule
intrinsic ligaments
-thickening of articular capsule
-extracapsular, intracapsular ligaments
sensory nerves
-detect pain, injury
-detect amount of stretch in a joint (posture, movement)
blood vessels
nourish tissues within the joint
bursae
-fluid-filled sacs
-contain synovial fluid
tendon sheaths
elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist, ankle) where tendons rub each other
fat pads
-packing material
-provide protection
plane joints
-uniaxial
-side to side movement
hinge joints
-uniaxial
-like a hinge of a door
-elbows and knees
-movement in one plane
pivot joints
-uniaxial
-one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
condylar joints
-biaxial
-oval or concave surface of one bone, convex of the other
saddle joints
-biaxial
-joint surfaces resemble saddle shape
ball-and-socket joints
-multiaxial
-spherical head into cuplike socket
-should and hip
-greatest range of motion
-freely moveable
four types of motion that can occur at synovial joints
-gliding
-angular
-rotational
-special movements
gliding motion
-occurs primarily in plane joints
-no change in joint angles
-bones slide slightly back-and-forth or side-to-side
-limited motion
angular motion
-increases or decreases angles between two bones
-flexion, extension, hyperextension
flexion
decreases angle between bones
extension
increases angle between bones
hyperextension
angle is increased to great than 180 degrees
lateral flexion
trunk of body moves in coronal plane laterally away from midline of body
movement of lateral flexion
primarily between cervical and lumbar vertebrae
why is lateral flexion not in thoracic vertebrae
it is where the ribs are
abduction
movement away from the midline
adduction
movement toward the midline
angular motion of hand at wrist
-radial deviation (movement toward radius)
-ulnar deviation (movement toward ulna)
angular motion at the digits
middle finger is considered the midline
circumduction
-proximal end of appendage remains stationary, and the distal end moves in an arc
-ball and socket
depression
movement downward/inferiorly
elevation
raising of a body part
protraction
movement anteriorly
retraction
movement posteriorly
inversion
sole of foot faces toward the midline
eversion
sole of foot faces laterally
dorsiflexion
-on heels
-raising toes
plantar flexion
on tip toes
opposition of thumb and little finger
-touch tip of fingers with thumb
-allows grasping
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
-modified hinge joint
-TMJ dislocation: can’t close your mouth
-TMJ pain
TMJ: articulating structures
-head of mandible
-temporal bone
acromioclavicular joint: articulating structures
-acromial end of clavicle
-acromion of scapula
acromioclavicular joint: supporting ligaments
-acromioclavicular ligament
-coracoclavicular ligament
glenohumeral joint
diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
glenohumeral joint: features
-fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum: ring of cartilage to keep joints stable
-ligaments: caracoacromial, coracohumeral, glenohumeral
-tendon of biceps brachii
-rotator cuff muscles
shoulder separation
acromioclavicular joint
shoulder dislocation
glenohumeral joint
elbow joint
-diarthrotic hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
-trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna
-capitulum of humerus with head of radius
-both joints enclosed in single articular capsule
elbow joint: tendons
-biceps brachii
-triceps brachii
elbow joint: supporting ligaments
-radial (lateral) collateral ligament
-ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
-annular ligament
collateral ligament
ligament on the outside
tommy john surgery
ulnar collateral ligament stretches and strains
annular ligament
ring-like ligament that travels around the head of the radius
hip (coxal) joint
diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint
hip joint: articulating bones
-head of femur
-acetabulum of os coxae
hip joint: features
-acetabulur labrum of fibrocartilage
-articulate capsule with retinacular fibers around neck of femur
hip joint: ligaments
-iliofemoral
-ischiofemoral
-pubofemoral
-ligament of head of femur
knee joint
-diarthrotic hinge joint containing two articulations (tibiofemoral and patellofemoral)
-largest and most complex diarthrosis of body
-prepatellar bursa
tibiofemoral joint
between tibial condyles and femoral condyles
patellofemoral joint
between patella and patellar surface of femur
knee joint: supporting structures
fibrocartilage pads on tibial condyles (medial meniscus and lateral meniscus)
function of medial and lateral menisci
keep condyles together
knee joint: supporting structures
-quadriceps tendon continuous with patellar ligament
-fibular (lateral) collateral ligament: femur to fibula
-tibial (medial) collateral ligament: femur to tibia
-anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL)
cruciate
cross within the intercondylar fossa
torn meniscus
-very common
-caused by twisting
-severe cases need surgery
torn ACL
-planting and moving directions quickly
-surgically repaired
torn cartilage
caused by aggressive movement
sprains
-stabilizing ligaments are stretched or torn
-inflammation
dislocations
bones are forced out of alignment
itis
inflammation
bursitis
-inflammation of bursa
-due to friction
tendonitis
-inflammation of tendon
-due to friction
arthritis
inflammation of joint(s)
osteoarthritis (OA)
-long term degenerative
-long term wear and tear
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
-autoimmune disease
-immune system attacks normal and healthy joint tissue
