appendicular skeleton Flashcards
appendicular skeleton
-bones of limbs
-girdles of bones that attach limbs to axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
-articulates with the trunk
-supports the upper limbs
pectoral girdle consists of
2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
clavicle
-articulates medially with manubrium
-articulates laterally with acromion
-conoid tubercle on inferior surface
scapula borders
superior, medial, lateral
scapula angles
lateral, superior, inferior
bone in brachium
humerus
bones in antebrachium
radius and ulna
interosseous membrane/ligament
intermediate to radius and ulna
in anatomical position, the radius and ulna are
-parallel
-radius lateral to ulna
-supination
pronation
-involves the radius crossing over the ulna
-palm faces posteriorly
carpals
-8 wrist bones
-two rows of four (proximal and distal)
proximal row of carpals (lateral to medial)
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal row of carpals (lateral to medial)
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
metacarpals
-five bones in the palm
-named by roman numerals I-V
metacarpal I
base of the thumb
metacarpal V
base of the little finger
phalanges
-14 per hand
-digits I-V
number of phalanges per finger
3 (proximal, middle, distal)
number of phalanges per thumb
-2 (proximal and distal)
-pollex
pelvic girdle
consists of the right and left ossa coxae
bony pelvis
pelvic girdle with the sacrum and coccyx
os coxae
-hip bones
-fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis
-fusion typically occurs between 13-15 years of age
articulations of os coxae
-anteriorly at pubic symphysis
-posteriorly with the sacrum
-laterally with femur at acetabulum
ilium
-largest of the three fused coxal bones
-makes up superior portions of os coxa and acetabulum
ischium
posterior region of os coxae
pubis
anterior region of os coxae
pelvic brim
continuous oval ridge formed by pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, and sacral promontory
true pelvis
-below the pelvic brim
-urinary bladder
false pelvis
-above the pelvic brim
-supports abdominal region
most reliable indicator of the sex of a skeleton is the
pelvis
major differences of the pelvic girdle
-male: narrow subpubic angle
-female: wide subpubic angle
patella
-kneecap within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
-triangular with broad superior base and inferiorly pointed apex
-articulates with patellar surface of femur
tibia and fibula
-make up crural region
-parallel to each other
-tibia is medial to fibula
-tibia is weight-bearing
-connected by an interosseous membrane/ligament
tarsals
-7 bones
-cuboid
-cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
-navicular
-talus
-calcaneus
talus
-superiormost
-weight-bearing
-articulates with tibia
calcaneus
-largest
-forms the heel
metatarsals
-5 bones in the sole of the foot
-proximally with tarsals
-distally with phalanges
-identified by roman numerals I-V from medial to lateral
hallux
big toe
phalanges
-14 bones per foot
-digits I-V
number of phalanges per toe
3 (proximal, middle, distal)
number of phalanges per big toe
2 (proximal and distal)
functions of foot arches
help prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
three major arches
-medial longitudinal
-lateral longitudinal
-transverse
medial longitudinal arch
-heel to hallux
-highest arch
lateral longitudinal arch
-heel to fifth toe
-lowest arch
transverse arch
-perpendicular to other arches
-along distal row of tarsals
