Bonding in Carbon Compound(unit2) Flashcards
Describe Carbon Compounds
Carbon forms many more compounds than any other element, because the carbon to carbon(non polar) single covalent bonds are stronger comparing to other single covalent bonds.
What is the definition of Organic Compounds?
are carbon compounds containing hydrogen and other elements
What is Catenation?
Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to form chains or ring compounds by joining together
What group is Carbon in the Period Table and what does it mean?
Carbon is in the Group IV(Periodic Table) which exhibits tetravalency meaning it has 4 valence electrons in its outer principle quantum shell which are able to form bonds with other atoms.
How many bonds can Carbon form and why?
Carbon can form 4 bonds becsuse one of the 2s electrons is transferred to a 2p orbital giving 4 unpaired electrons necessary for the 4 bonds.
What are localised and delocalised structures?
Localised structures such as ethane and ethene are in particular positions. Delocalised structures allow electrons free movement over atoms.
What is hybridisation and what details does in entail?
Hybridization is the process of mixing atomic orbitals which are called sp3 hybrid orbitals. They overlap to form single bonds between carbon atoms and other carbon atoms or betwen carbon, H, O or N atoms which are sigma bonds.
What results in the formation of s and p orbitals in hybridization
Hybridization of s and p atomic orbitals results in the formation of an orbital with mixed character
What is Mesomerism and what is the composite structure
Mesomerism- is the making up of a composite structure from several different structures. Resonance Hybrid is the composite structure
What is Resonance?
Resonance is where the structure of a compound is a single form between two or more extreme structures.
What are Aryl compounds?
Aryl compounds such as benzene have a delocalised electron ring structure
What is a homologous series?
is a group of organic compounds with the same functional group where each successive member increases by the unit CH2
What is a functional group?
is an atom or group of atoms that give a compound its chemical properties
What are some examples of homologous series and functional group?
Alkene- double bond C, ethene C2H4
Alcohol- OH, ethanol C2H5OH
Halogenoalkane- F, CL, Br, I, chloromethane CH3Cl
Carboxylic acid- CO2H, propanoic acid C2H5CO2H
Characteristics of homologous series
a particular or general formula which applies to all member in a series
each successive member increases by the unit CH2
have similar chemical properties
the physical properties change in a regular way
What is the empirical and molecular formulae?
shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in each element of a compound
shows the actual number of atoms in each element in a molecule of a compound
Examples of empirical and molecular elements
ethane- CH3, C2H6
Petane- C5H12, C5H12
ethanedioic acid- C02H, C2O4H2
benzene- CH, C6H6
What’s a structural formulae and also what are the two ways it can be shown?
shows the arrangement of atoms in a simplified form
two ways:
displayed- where atoms and bonds are shown
condensed- where bonds are not shown
What are isomers and its 2 types?
are molecules with the same molecular formula but atoms are arrange differently
2 types are structural isomerism and stereoisomerism
What is structural isomers and its 3 types?
are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
3 types are chain, functional group and positional isomerism
What are the definitions of the 3 types of structural isomers?
chain- is where the isomers differ in the arrangement of the carbon atoms in their carbon skeleton
functional group- is where the molecular formulae of the isomers are the same but the functional group is different
positional- is where the position of the functional group is different in each isomer
What is said about bond rotation in isomers?
there is free rotation about single bonds in a chain or carbon atoms
there is no free rotation in double bonds
What is stereoisomerism ands its 2 types?
is where two or more compounds have the same atom bonded to each other but atoms hv a different arrangement in space
2 types are geometrical and optical
What is the definition of the 2 types of stereoisomerism?
geometrical- is when the substituent groups either side of a double bond are arranged on the same side (cis) or opposite (trans)
optical- is where four different groups are attached to a central carbon atom, resulting in a molecule that has a non superimposable mirror image.
