Bonding in Carbon Compound(unit2)

Question 1

Describe Carbon Compounds

Answer 1

Carbon forms many more compounds than any other element, because the carbon to carbon(non polar) single covalent bonds are stronger comparing to other single covalent bonds.

Question 2

What is the definition of Organic Compounds?

Answer 2

are carbon compounds containing hydrogen and other elements

Question 3

What is Catenation?

Answer 3

Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to form chains or ring compounds by joining together

Question 4

What group is Carbon in the Period Table and what does it mean?

Answer 4

Carbon is in the Group IV(Periodic Table) which exhibits tetravalency meaning it has 4 valence electrons in its outer principle quantum shell which are able to form bonds with other atoms.

Question 5

How many bonds can Carbon form and why?

Answer 5

Carbon can form 4 bonds becsuse one of the 2s electrons is transferred to a 2p orbital giving 4 unpaired electrons necessary for the 4 bonds.

Question 6

What are localised and delocalised structures?

Answer 6

Localised structures such as ethane and ethene are in particular positions. Delocalised structures allow electrons free movement over atoms.

Question 7

What is hybridisation and what details does in entail?

Answer 7

Hybridization is the process of mixing atomic orbitals which are called sp3 hybrid orbitals. They overlap to form single bonds between carbon atoms and other carbon atoms or betwen carbon, H, O or N atoms which are sigma bonds.

Question 8

What results in the formation of s and p orbitals in hybridization

Answer 8

Hybridization of s and p atomic orbitals results in the formation of an orbital with mixed character

Question 9

What is Mesomerism and what is the composite structure

Answer 9

Mesomerism- is the making up of a composite structure from several different structures. Resonance Hybrid is the composite structure

Question 10

What is Resonance?

Answer 10

Resonance is where the structure of a compound is a single form between two or more extreme structures.

Question 11

What are Aryl compounds?

Answer 11

Aryl compounds such as benzene have a delocalised electron ring structure

Question 12

What is a homologous series?

Answer 12

is a group of organic compounds with the same functional group where each successive member increases by the unit CH2

Question 13

What is a functional group?

Answer 13

is an atom or group of atoms that give a compound its chemical properties

Question 14

What are some examples of homologous series and functional group?

Answer 14

Alkene- double bond C, ethene C2H4

Alcohol- OH, ethanol C2H5OH

Halogenoalkane- F, CL, Br, I, chloromethane CH3Cl

Carboxylic acid- CO2H, propanoic acid C2H5CO2H

Question 15

Characteristics of homologous series

Answer 15

a particular or general formula which applies to all member in a series
each successive member increases by the unit CH2
have similar chemical properties
the physical properties change in a regular way

Question 16

What is the empirical and molecular formulae?

Answer 16

shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in each element of a compound

shows the actual number of atoms in each element in a molecule of a compound

Question 17

Examples of empirical and molecular elements

Answer 17

ethane- CH3, C2H6
Petane- C5H12, C5H12
ethanedioic acid- C02H, C2O4H2
benzene- CH, C6H6

Question 18

What’s a structural formulae and also what are the two ways it can be shown?

Answer 18

shows the arrangement of atoms in a simplified form

two ways:
displayed- where atoms and bonds are shown
condensed- where bonds are not shown

Question 19

What are isomers and its 2 types?

Answer 19

are molecules with the same molecular formula but atoms are arrange differently

2 types are structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

Question 20

What is structural isomers and its 3 types?

Answer 20

are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

3 types are chain, functional group and positional isomerism

Question 21

What are the definitions of the 3 types of structural isomers?

Answer 21

chain- is where the isomers differ in the arrangement of the carbon atoms in their carbon skeleton

functional group- is where the molecular formulae of the isomers are the same but the functional group is different

positional- is where the position of the functional group is different in each isomer

Question 22

What is said about bond rotation in isomers?

Answer 22

there is free rotation about single bonds in a chain or carbon atoms

there is no free rotation in double bonds

Question 23

What is stereoisomerism ands its 2 types?

Answer 23

is where two or more compounds have the same atom bonded to each other but atoms hv a different arrangement in space

2 types are geometrical and optical

Question 24

What is the definition of the 2 types of stereoisomerism?

Answer 24

geometrical- is when the substituent groups either side of a double bond are arranged on the same side (cis) or opposite (trans)

optical- is where four different groups are attached to a central carbon atom, resulting in a molecule that has a non superimposable mirror image.

Question 25

What is a chiral centre?

Answer 25

is an atom that has 4 different groups attached to it

Question 26

How can a homologous series be identified?

Answer 26

the functional group it contains & general formula

Question 27

What is the functional group & general formula for alcohol?

Answer 27

OH & CnH2n+1OH