Body works 2 And Antibiotics Make Us Fat. Flashcards
Card #1: Pheromones
A pheromone (from Ancient Greek phero “to bear” and hormone,
from Ancient Greek “impetus”) is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members
of the same species.
Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to impact the behavior of the receiving individuals.
There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex
pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology.
Their use among insects has been particularly well documented.
In addition, some vertebrates, plants communicate by using pheromones.
These chemical messengers are transported outside of the body and affect neurocircuits,
including the autonomous nervous system with hormone or inflammatory signaling, immune system changes and/or behavioral change in the recipient.
They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from conspecifics that elicit innate behaviors, soon after the German biochemist Adolf Butenandt had characterized the first such chemical, bombykol, a chemically well-characterized pheromone released by the female silkworm to attract mates.
Aggregation
Aggregation of bug nymphs
Aggregation pheromones function in mate selection, overcoming host resistance by mass attack, and defense against predators. A group of individuals at one location is referred to as an aggregation, whether consisting of one sex or both sexes. Male-produced sex attractants have been called aggregation pheromones, because they usually result in the arrival of both sexes at a calling site and increase the density of conspecifics surrounding the pheromone source. Most sex pheromones are produced by the females; only a small percentage of sex attractants are produced by males.
Alarm
Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in aphids) or aggression (in ants, bees, termites) in members of the same species. For example, Vespula squamosa use alarm pheromones to alert others to a threat. In Polistes exclamans, alarm pheromones are also used as an alert to incoming predators.
Pheromones also exist in plants: Certain plants emit alarm pheromones when grazed upon, resulting in tannin production in neighboring plants. These tannins make the plants less appetizing for the herbivore.
CARD #3: Releaser
Releaser pheromones are pheromones that cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient. For example, some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles or more. In general, this type of pheromone elicits a rapid response, but is quickly degraded. In contrast, a primer pheromone has a slower onset and a longer duration. For example, rabbit (mothers) release mammary pheromones that trigger immediate nursing behavior by their babies.
Lordosis behavior
Lordosis behavior, also known as mammalian lordosis “bent backward” or presenting, is the naturally occurring body posture for sexual receptivity to copulation present in most mammals including rodents, elephants, and cats.
The primary characteristics of the behavior are a lowering of the forelimbs but with the rear limbs extended and hips raised, ventral arching of the spineand a raising, or sideward displacement, of the tail. During lordosis, the spine curves so that its apex points towards the abdomen.
The lordosis reflex is hardwired in the brain, controlled by hormones in the hypothalamus.
CARD # 4: Territorial
Laid down in the environment, territorial pheromones mark the boundaries and identity of an organism’s territory. In cats and dogs, these hormones are present in the urine, which they deposit on landmarks serving to mark the perimeter of the claimed territory. In social seabirds, the preen gland is used to mark nests, nuptial gifts, and territory boundaries with behavior formerly described as ‘displacement activity’
Trails
Social insects commonly use trail pheromones. For example, ants mark their paths with pheromones consisting of volatile hydrocarbons. Certain ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide. As long as the food source remains available, visiting ants will continuously renew the pheromone trail. The pheromone requires continuous renewal because it evaporates quickly. When the food supply begins to dwindle, the trail-making ceases.
[MN: This is why vinegar destroys the ant trail and stops the ants from parading into my kitchen to the food source.]
CARD #5: SEXUAL ATTRACTION
SEX. In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding.
Many if not all insect species, such as the ant,the moths, the bee and the butterfly, release sex pheromones to attract a mate, and many moths and butterflies can detect a potential mate from as far away as 6.2 miles.
This happens in humans also, mostly in our armpit bacteria for sexual attraction and rapist explanation.//
Pheromone N. FAIR ah moan
- A chemical substance released by the hypothalamus to other parts of the brain that serves as a stimulant to other species (and the same species) to generate behavioral responses.
See reverse of card for verbose input of pheromone under my vocabulary card.
EX: Plants giving unpleasant odor or taste to an animal eating the plant.
EX: Plants releasing pheromones as a herbicide to kill other plants in their space. Trees do this all the time.
EX: A female animal in heat to attract a mate.
EX: A human’s bacteria usually from their armpits to attract a mate. (done unconsciously)
EX: Two gay humans, (male or female) connecting as lovers. One will be the male role, the other being the female role.
EX: A rapist. Normally humans can resist the temptation, but some people have little or no resistance to alluring pheromones and will rape a person without having that intention when they first left their house. They see it, they have to have it. For instance the Religious store where the man left the store to get a gun from his car then sodomized the women and shot one in the head in Manchester, Mo. 2018.
CARD #6: Olfactory processing
Olfactory processing of chemical signals like pheromones has evolved in all animal phyla and thus is the oldest phylogenetic receptive system shared by all organisms including bacteria. It has been suggested that it serves survival by generating appropriate behavioral responses to the signals of threat, sex and dominance status among members of the same species.
[MN: So humans sense the vaginal and armpit smells of pheromones to drive sexual attraction.]
We think we are so much smarter than our ancient ancestors. It is only because we were taught new knowledge that did not exist thousands of years ago.
If you could take a Homo Sapien from 200,000 years ago and raise him in 21st Century schools and environment, he would be smarts as you are and could even be a doctor or an Astronaut.
Ref: Wonders of [US?] Prof. Brian Cox
Antibiotics make chicken, cattle, pigs fatter. When people eat these animals, it also makes the people fatter!
it’s possible that up to 70 per cent of America’s antibiotics are used in livestock. The added bonus that more animals can be crammed into a smaller space without succumbing to infections only furthered their use. Without these growth promoters, the US would need to breed an extra 452 million chickens, 23 million cattle and 12 million pigs each year to produce the same weight of meat. Nicholson’s concern was this: if antibiotics could make livestock considerably fatter, what proof did we have that they weren’t doing the same to us? The human digestive system isn’t all that different from a pig’s. Both pigs and humans have an omnivorous diet, a simple stomach, and a large colon filled with microbes that make use of the leftovers of our own digestive process in the small intestine. Antibiotics can boost piglet growth rates by roughly 10 per cent per day. For farmers, this means they are ready for slaughter two or three days sooner – a big gain across thousands of animals. Is it possible that humans are also being fattened for market through our voracious consumption of antibiotics?
Epidemiological studies had shown that human babies given antibiotics in the first six months were more likely to become overweight than those who made it past their first birthday without being exposed to the drugs.
