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BODY WALLS Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic Wall composed of…

A

Skin, Fascia, Nerves, Vessels, Muscles, Cartilages and Bone

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2
Q

Functions of Thoracic Wall

A

Resist the negative internal pressures generated by the elastic recoil of the lungs and inspiratory movements.
Provides attachment for and support the weight of the upper limbs.
Provides attachment for many of the muscles of the upper limbs, neck, abdomen, and back and the muscles of respiration.

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3
Q

Structures of thoracic wall

A

Ribs, Costal Cartilage, Sternum, Thoracic Vertebrae, Intervertebral Disc and Apertures

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4
Q

Ribs Clasification

A

True, False and Free

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5
Q

True Ribs

A

1-7

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6
Q

False Ribs

A

8-10

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7
Q

Free Ribs

A

11-12

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8
Q

Sternum division

A

Manubrium, Body and Xyphoid process

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9
Q

Structures of thoracic wall

A
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10
Q

Costal Vertebral Joint

A

Body of vertebra superior to rib, Invertebrate Disc, Head of Rib (Crest) and Body of vertebra of same number as rib

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11
Q

Costo-transverse joint

A

Tubercle of rib and Transverse process of vertebra of same number of rib

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12
Q

Thoracic Wall Movements: Inspiration

A

Increase the intrathoracic diameters and volume of the thorax

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13
Q

Thoracic Wall Movements: Passive Expiration

A

Decreasing intrathoracic volume and increasing intrathoracic pressure, expelling air from the lungs through the same passages.
The diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and other muscles relax.

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14
Q

Accessory muscles for respiration

A

Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Inferior part of the Serratus Anterior

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15
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Movement of shoulder joints, flexion, adduction and medial rotation of the humerus

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16
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Depresses the point of the shoulder

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17
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

Pulls the Scapula forward around the thorax

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18
Q

Muscles of the thoracic wall

A

External intercostal, Internal intercostal, Innermost Intercostal, Subcostal, Transversus Thoracis, Serratus Posterior Superior, Serratus posterior inferior, Levatores Costarum

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19
Q

External intercostal

A

Membrane located anterior medial (body of sternum)

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20
Q

Internal Intercostal

A

Membrane located Posterior medial (vertebral column)

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21
Q

Transversus thoracis

A

Body of sternum and costal cartilage

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22
Q

Subcostal

A

Connects between 7-9 rib, rib 8 left out

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23
Q

Breast composed of:

A

glandular and supporting fibrous tissue embedded within a fatty matrix, together with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

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24
Q

Mammary glands

A

Subcutaneous tissue overlying the pectoral’s major and minor muscles

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25
Q

Nipple

A

The greatest prominence of the breast, surrounded by a circular pigmented area of skin, the areola. Innervation by T4.

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26
Q

Bed of the breast

A

Extends from the 2nd Rib and 6th or 7th Rib

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27
Q

Axillary Process (Tail of spence)

A

The bed of the breast extending along the inferolateral edge of the pectorals major toward the axillary fossa (armpit)

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28
Q

Axillary Nodes

A

Subscapular, Humeral, Pectoral, Central and Apical

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29
Q

Parts of the Breast

A

Suspensory ligaments (Cooper), Fat Lobule, Areola, Nipple, Lactiferous Duct, Lactiferous Sinus and Lobules of Mammary Gland

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30
Q

Breast Irrigation

A

Lateral thoracic artery, lateral mammary branches, internal thoracic artery, medial mammary branches

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31
Q

Breast Drainage

A

Lateral thoracic vein, lateral mammary vein, Internal thoracic vein, medial mammary vein

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32
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Usually adenocarcinomas arising from the epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland lobules

33
Q

Breast Cancer Superficial Signs

A

Nipple retraction and deviation, edema of skin, retracted signs and abnormal contours.

34
Q

Abdominal Region: Extends from…

A

Thoracic Cage to the Pelvis

35
Q

Abdominal Region: Bounded superiorly by…

A

Xyphoid process and Costal Margins

36
Q

Abdominal Region: Bounded posteriorly by…

A

Vertebral Column

37
Q

Abdominal Region: Bounded inferiorly by…

A

Upper parts of the pelvic bones

38
Q

Four Quadrant Abdominal Division:

A

Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant

39
Q

Abdominal Division: Right Upper Quadrant

A

Liver: right lobe
Gallbladder
Stomach: pylorus
Duodenum: parts 1-3
Pancreas: head
Right suprarenal gland
Right kidney
Right colic (hepatic) flexure
Ascending colon: superior part
Transverse colon: right half

40
Q

Abdominal Division: Right Lower Quadrant

A

Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Most of ileum
Ascending colon: inferior part
Right ovary
Right uterine tube
Right ureter: abdominal part
Right spermatic cord:
abdominal part
Uterus (if enlarged)
Urinary bladder (if very full)

41
Q

Abdominal Division: Left upper quadrant

A

Liver: left lobe
Spleen
Stomach
Jejunum and proximal ileum
Pancreas: body and tail
Left kidney
Left suprarenal gland
Left colic (splenic) flexure
Transverse colon: left half
Descending colon: superior part

42
Q

Abdominal Division: Left lower quadrant

A

Sigmoid colon
Descending colon: inferior part
Left ovary
Left uterine tube
Left ureter: abdominal part
Left spermatic cord:
abdominal part
Uterus (if enlarged)
Urinary bladder (if very full)

43
Q

Anterolateral Abdominal Wall extends from…

A

Thoracic cage to the pelvis.

44
Q

Anterolateral Abdominal Wall consists of…

A

Skin, Superficial Fascia (Campers Fascia and Scarpa Fascia), Muscles and their Aponeurosis, Deep Fascia, Extraperitoneal fat, Parietal Peritoneum

45
Q

Campers fascia

A

Superficial Fatty Layer of subcutaneous tissue

46
Q

Scarpa fascia

A

Deep membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue

47
Q

Anterolateral Muscles

A

Three Flat Muscles (External oblique Internal oblique and Transversus abdominis) and Two Vertical Muscles (Rectos Abdominis and Pyramidalis)

48
Q

Rectus Sheath is formed by…

A

Interlaced aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles

49
Q

Rectus Sheath contains:

A

Rectus abdominis, pyramidalis muscles, anastomosing superior and inferior epigastric arteries ans veins, lymphatic vessels, thoracic-abdominal and subcostal nerves

50
Q

Rectus Sheath: Superior to the arcuate line

A

The rectus abdominis is enveloped by the anterior layer of the rectus sheath

51
Q

Rectus Sheath: Inferior to the arcuate line

A

The aponeurosis of all three muscles, external and internal oblique and transverses abdominis , pass anterior to form que anterior rectus sheath to form the anterior rectus sheath, leaving only the transversalis fascia to cover the rectus abdominis posteriorly

52
Q

Arcuate line

A

Inferior to umbilicus

53
Q

Posterior wall of upper rectus sheath consisting of:

A

Posterior lamina of internal oblique aponeurosis and Transversus abdominis aponeurosis

54
Q

Anterior wall of upper rectus sheath consisting of:

A

External Oblique aponeurosis and anterior lamina of internal oblique aponeurosis

55
Q

Anterior wall of lower rectus sheath consisting of:

A

Consisting of all three aponeurotic layers

56
Q

Posterior wall of lower rectus sheath consisting of:

A

Transversalis Fascia

57
Q

Neurovascular Abdominal Wall Structures: Arteries

A

Superior epigastric artery and Inferior epigastric artery

58
Q

Superior epigastric artery

A

Branch of internal thoracic artery

59
Q

Inferior epigastric artery

A

Branch of external iliac artery

60
Q

Neurovascular Abdominal Wall Structures: Nerves

A

Thoraco-abdominal nerves (T7-T11), Lateral cutaneous branch of subcostal nerve (T12), Anterior cutaneous branch of subcostal nerve (T12), Iliohypogastric nerve (L1) and Ilio-inguinal nerve (L1)

61
Q

Inguinal Region extends between…

A

The anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

62
Q

Inguinal Region…

A

Where structures exit and enter the abdominal cavity

63
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Lies parallel and just superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament

64
Q

Inguinal Canal Boundaries:

A

Anterior Wall and Posterior Wall

65
Q

Inguinal Canal Boundaries: Anterior Wall

A

Formed by external oblique aponeurosis

66
Q

Inguinal Canal Boundaries: Posterior Wall

A

Formed by transversalis fascia. Reinforced by the inguinal fax.

67
Q

Inguinal Fax

A

Internal oblique and Transversus abdominis form a tendon

68
Q

Main structures in the inguinal canal: Female

A

Round ligament of the uterus. Ilio-inguinal nerve.

69
Q

Main structures in the inguinal canal: Male

A

Spermatic Cord conveying the ductus deferens. Ilio-inguinal nerve

70
Q

Inguinal Canal: Two Openings

A

Deep Inguinal Ring and Superficial Inguinal Ring

71
Q

Deep Inguinal Ring

A

The internal entrance to the inguinal canal, is an evagination of the transversalis fascia.

72
Q

Superficial Inguinal Ring

A

The exit from the inguinal canal, is a slit-like opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique.

73
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

Protrusion of the peritoneum and viscera, such as the small intestine, through a normal and abnormal opening from the abdominal cavity.

74
Q

Inguinal Hernia: Direct inguinal Hernia

A

Usually found medial to the inferior epigastric arteries

75
Q

Inguinal Hernia: Indirect inguinal Hernia

A

Usually four lateral to the inferior epigastric arteries

76
Q

Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall

A

Psoas Major, Quadratus lumborum and Iliacus

77
Q

Psoas Major

A

Innervation: Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L2-L4)
Actions:
Acting inferiority with iliac flexes thigh.
Acting superiorly flexes the vertebral column laterally to balance the trunk.
When sitting acts inferiorly with iliacus to flex the trunk.

78
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

Innervation: Anterior rami T12, L1-L4
Fixes or depresses the 12th rib during respiration. Laterally flexes vertebral column.

79
Q

Iliacus

A

Innervation by (L2-L4) femoral nerve.
Flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint.

Anatomia (10 decks)

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