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Anatomia > Back and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Back and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Back

A

Formed by the posterior part of the trunk. Described as the region inferior to the neck and superior to the gluteal region.

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2
Q

Back consists of…

A

Skin, Muscles, Intervertebral disks, Vertebrae, Ribs, Spinal Cord and Meninges

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3
Q

Vertebral Column: Vertebrae

A

33 vertebrae. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal

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4
Q

Curvatures of vertebral column (Primary Curvatures)

A

Develop during the fetal period. Caused by vertebral shape.

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5
Q

Primary Curvatures

A

Thoracic kyphosis and Sacrococcygeal kyphosis

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6
Q

Curvatures of vertebral column (Secondary Curvatures)

A

Develop after birth. Caused by changes in intervertebral discs; vital for upright position and bipedal locomotion.

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7
Q

Secondary Curvatures

A

Cervical lordosis and Lumbar lordosis

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8
Q

Vertebral Column functions

A

Protect the spinal cord and the spinal nerves.
Support Weight.
Provide a rigid and flexible axis for the body.
Vital for posture and locomotion.
Provides for the pivot head.

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9
Q

Vertebrae consist of…

A

Vertebral Body
Pedicles
Lamina
Vertebral arch
Transverse vertebral process
Spinous process
Articular processes

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10
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Oval segment of bone that forms the anterior part of the vertebra.
Costovertebral joint

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11
Q

Pedicles

A

Connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch.

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12
Q

Lamina

A

Provides roof for the spinal canal and protects the back of the spinal cord

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13
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Includes a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae
Supports 2 traverse processes, 1 spinous process and 4 articular processes

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14
Q

Transverse vertebral process

A

Site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine; point of articulation of the ribs in thoracic spine.
Costo-transverse joint

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15
Q

Spinous process

A

Bony projection of the back of the vertebra that enables muscle and ligament attachment of the spine

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16
Q

Articular processes

A

Serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra through the articular facet.

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17
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Vertebral Body: Presence of the ucinate process
Vertebral Foramen: Large and triangular
Transverse process: Foramina transversarii
Spinus process: Short and bifid (C3-C6) Expect in vertebra prominens (C7)

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18
Q

Foramina Transversarii

A

Allow the vertebral artery to pass from the thoracic inlet to the head.

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19
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae C1

A

Atlas
Lack of vertebral body and spinous process
Composed of two arches: Anterior arch, Posterior Arch
Transverse process: Arise from the lateral mass
Transverse ligament of atlas

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20
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae C2

A

Axis
Presence of Dens
Superior articular facets

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21
Q

Dens (Odontoid process)

A

Enables movements in transverse plane (Say no)

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22
Q

Superior articular facets

A

Allow the rotation of the atlas

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23
Q

Together C1 and C2

A

C1 carries the cranium and rotates on C2

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24
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Body: Heart Shape, 2 or 4 costal facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs.
Vertebral foramen: Circular and smaller than the foramen in cervical and lumbar vertebrae.
Transverse process: Long and strong
Articular process: Superior and inferior facets to articulate between vertebrae. Superior and inferior costal facets.
Spinous process: Pointed, long, and slope posteriorly. Tip to extend to the level of the vertebral body below.

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25
Lumbar Vertebrae
Body: Kidney Shape Vertebral Foramen: Triangular and larger than the foramens in the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than in cervical vertebrae. Transverse process: Short and slender Articular process: Superior and inferior facets to articulate between vertebrae. Mammilary process. Spinous process: Short and sturdy, thick broad and hatched shaped (flat)
26
Sacrum
Five fused sacral vertebrae
27
Sacrum composed of...
Sacral canal Sacral foramina Sacral promontory Median Sacral Crest
28
Sacral Canal
Continuation of the vertebral canal Contains the cauda equina
29
Cauda Equina
Bundle of spinal nerves root inferior to L1
30
Sacral foramina
Allows the exit of the posterior and anterior rami of the spinal nerves
31
Coccyx
Usually forms by the fusion of the 4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae. Co1 often fuses with the sacrum.
32
Intervertebral Disc
The disc accounts 20-25% of the height of the vertebral column
33
Intervertebral Disc consist of:
Anulus fibrous Nucleus pulposus
34
Anulus fibrosus
Outer fibrous part, composed of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage
35
Nucleus pulposus
Core of the IV disc: gelatinous central Pulpy nuclei are about 88% water Their semifluid nature is responsible for much of the flexibility and resilience of the IV disc and of the vertebral column as a whole
36
Cervical Spinal Nerves
Consists of 8 spinal nerves even though there isn't an 8th cervical vertebrae
37
Spinal Cervical Nerves will exit the cervical spine...
Through the intervertebral foramen
38
Cervical spinal nerves will exit...
Above their corresponding vertebrae
39
Ligaments of the vertebral column
Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flava Interspinus ligament Supraspinous ligament
40
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column, maintaining stability of the joints between the vertebral bodies Only ligament that limits extension
41
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Narrow weaker ligament Runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies Weakly resist hyper flexion of the vertebral column and helps prevent of redirect posterior herniation of the nucleus pulposus
42
Ligamentum flava
Bind the lamina of the adjoining vertebrae together
43
Interspinus ligament
Connect adjoining spinous processes, attaching from the rot of the apex of each processes
44
Supraspinous ligament
Connect adjoining tips of spinous processes form the C7 to the sacrum and merge superiorly with the nuchal ligament of the back of the neck
45
Superficial Muscles of the back
Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor
46
Trapezius
Triangular muscles cover the posterior aspect of the neck and the superior half of the back Innervation: Accessory Nerve XI Action: Descending fibers elevate the scapula Middle fibers retract the scapula Ascending fibers depress the scapula and lower the shoulder
47
Latissimus dorsi
Innervation: Thoracodorsal Nerve Action: Acts directly on the glenohumeral joint and indirectly on the pectoral girdle.
48
Levator Scapulae
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve Action: Elevates the scapula
49
Rhomboids
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve Action: Retracts the scapula
50
Intermediate Extrinsic Muscles of the Back: Intermediate Layer
Serratus posterior superior Serratus posterior inferior
51
Intermediate Layer
More likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function muscles Designated as superficial respiratory muscles
52
Serratus posterior superior
Lies deep to the rhomboid muscles Innervation 2th-5th intercostals Action Propioreception of the elevation of the ribs
53
Serratus posterior inferior
Lies deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle Innervation: Anterior rami T9-T12 thoracic spinal nerves Action: Propioreception of the depression of the ribs
54
Intrinsic muscles of the back
Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Erector spinae Transversospinalis muscle group Interspinales Intertransversarii Levatores costarum
55
Intrinsic muscles of the back (Superficial Layer)
Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis
56
Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis
Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves Action: Laterally flexes the neck and rotates the head to the side of the active muscle
57
Intrinsic muscles of the back (Intermediate Layer)
Erector spinae (Iliocostalis, Longissimus and Spinalis)
58
Erector spinae
Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves Action: Unilaterally- Flex laterally the vertebral column Bilaterally - Extend the vertebral column
59
Intrinsic muscles of the back (Deep Layer)
Transversospinalis group: Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores
60
Transversospinalis group: Semispinalis
Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves Action: Extended the head and the thoracic and cervical vertebral regions
61
Transversospinalis group: Multifidus
Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves Action: Stabilized the vertebra under local movement of vertebral column
62
Transversospinalis group: Rotatores
Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves Action: Stabilized the vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of the vertebral column
63
Intrinsic muscles of the back (Minor Deep Layer)
Interspinales Intertransversarii Levatores costarum
64
Interspinales
Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves Action: Extension and rotation of vertebrae
65
Intertransversarii
Innervation: Anterior and Posterior rami of spinal nerve Action: Aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column acting bilaterally
66
Levatores costarum
Innervation: Posterior rami of C8-T1 spinal nerves Action: Elevates the ribs assisting respiration
67
Clinical Correlation: Laminectomy
Surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae in a particular region of the vertebral column Often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots caused by a tumor, herniated IV disc, or bony hypertrophy
68
Clinical Correlation: Fracture and Dislocation of Atlas
Jefferson or burst fracture Compression to the lateral masses by the occipital condyles drive them apart, fracturing one or both of the anterior or posterior arches Itself does not necessarily result in spinal cord injury, because the dimensions of the bony ring actually increase. Spinal cord injury is more likely to happen if the transverse ligament has also been ruptured
69
Clinical Correlation: Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus (Herniation of IV Disc)
Protrusion of the gelatinous nucleus pulposus into or through the anulus fibrosus Herniations of the nucleus pulposus usually extend posterolaterally Can be damaged by violent rotation
70
Clinical Correlations: Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column
Excessive thoracic kyphosis Excessive lumbar lordosis
71
Excessive thoracic kyphosis (humpback or hunchback)
Characterized by an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature; the vertebral column curves posteriorly Can result from osteoporosis in older women
72
Excessive lumbar lordosis (clinically shortened to lordosis)
Characterized by an anterior tilting of the pelvis with increased extension of the lumbar vertebrae Associated with weakened trunk musculature, especially the anterolateral abdominal muscles Obesity in both sexes can also cause
73
Clinical Correlations: Scoliosis
Characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae The spinous processes turn toward the cavity of the abnormal curvature, and when the individual bends over, the ribs rotate posteriorly (protrude) on the side of the increased convexity.

Anatomia (10 decks)

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