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Anatomia > Back and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Back and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Back

A

Formed by the posterior part of the trunk. Described as the region inferior to the neck and superior to the gluteal region.

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2
Q

Back consists of…

A

Skin, Muscles, Intervertebral disks, Vertebrae, Ribs, Spinal Cord and Meninges

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3
Q

Vertebral Column: Vertebrae

A

33 vertebrae. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal

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4
Q

Curvatures of vertebral column (Primary Curvatures)

A

Develop during the fetal period. Caused by vertebral shape.

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5
Q

Primary Curvatures

A

Thoracic kyphosis and Sacrococcygeal kyphosis

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6
Q

Curvatures of vertebral column (Secondary Curvatures)

A

Develop after birth. Caused by changes in intervertebral discs; vital for upright position and bipedal locomotion.

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7
Q

Secondary Curvatures

A

Cervical lordosis and Lumbar lordosis

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8
Q

Vertebral Column functions

A

Protect the spinal cord and the spinal nerves.
Support Weight.
Provide a rigid and flexible axis for the body.
Vital for posture and locomotion.
Provides for the pivot head.

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9
Q

Vertebrae consist of…

A

Vertebral Body
Pedicles
Lamina
Vertebral arch
Transverse vertebral process
Spinous process
Articular processes

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10
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Oval segment of bone that forms the anterior part of the vertebra.
Costovertebral joint

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11
Q

Pedicles

A

Connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch.

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12
Q

Lamina

A

Provides roof for the spinal canal and protects the back of the spinal cord

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13
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Includes a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae
Supports 2 traverse processes, 1 spinous process and 4 articular processes

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14
Q

Transverse vertebral process

A

Site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine; point of articulation of the ribs in thoracic spine.
Costo-transverse joint

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15
Q

Spinous process

A

Bony projection of the back of the vertebra that enables muscle and ligament attachment of the spine

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16
Q

Articular processes

A

Serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra through the articular facet.

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17
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Vertebral Body: Presence of the ucinate process
Vertebral Foramen: Large and triangular
Transverse process: Foramina transversarii
Spinus process: Short and bifid (C3-C6) Expect in vertebra prominens (C7)

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18
Q

Foramina Transversarii

A

Allow the vertebral artery to pass from the thoracic inlet to the head.

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19
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae C1

A

Atlas
Lack of vertebral body and spinous process
Composed of two arches: Anterior arch, Posterior Arch
Transverse process: Arise from the lateral mass
Transverse ligament of atlas

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20
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae C2

A

Axis
Presence of Dens
Superior articular facets

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21
Q

Dens (Odontoid process)

A

Enables movements in transverse plane (Say no)

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22
Q

Superior articular facets

A

Allow the rotation of the atlas

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23
Q

Together C1 and C2

A

C1 carries the cranium and rotates on C2

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24
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Body: Heart Shape, 2 or 4 costal facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs.
Vertebral foramen: Circular and smaller than the foramen in cervical and lumbar vertebrae.
Transverse process: Long and strong
Articular process: Superior and inferior facets to articulate between vertebrae. Superior and inferior costal facets.
Spinous process: Pointed, long, and slope posteriorly. Tip to extend to the level of the vertebral body below.

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25
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Body: Kidney Shape
Vertebral Foramen: Triangular and larger than the foramens in the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than in cervical vertebrae.
Transverse process: Short and slender
Articular process: Superior and inferior facets to articulate between vertebrae. Mammilary process.
Spinous process: Short and sturdy, thick broad and hatched shaped (flat)

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26
Q

Sacrum

A

Five fused sacral vertebrae

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27
Q

Sacrum composed of…

A

Sacral canal
Sacral foramina
Sacral promontory
Median Sacral Crest

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28
Q

Sacral Canal

A

Continuation of the vertebral canal
Contains the cauda equina

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29
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Bundle of spinal nerves root inferior to L1

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30
Q

Sacral foramina

A

Allows the exit of the posterior and anterior rami of the spinal nerves

31
Q

Coccyx

A

Usually forms by the fusion of the 4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae. Co1 often fuses with the sacrum.

32
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A

The disc accounts 20-25% of the height of the vertebral column

33
Q

Intervertebral Disc consist of:

A

Anulus fibrous
Nucleus pulposus

34
Q

Anulus fibrosus

A

Outer fibrous part, composed of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage

35
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Core of the IV disc: gelatinous central
Pulpy nuclei are about 88% water
Their semifluid nature is responsible for much of the flexibility and resilience of the IV disc and of the vertebral column as a whole

36
Q

Cervical Spinal Nerves

A

Consists of 8 spinal nerves even though there isn’t an 8th cervical vertebrae

37
Q

Spinal Cervical Nerves will exit the cervical spine…

A

Through the intervertebral foramen

38
Q

Cervical spinal nerves will exit…

A

Above their corresponding vertebrae

39
Q

Ligaments of the vertebral column

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flava
Interspinus ligament
Supraspinous ligament

40
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs
Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column, maintaining stability of the joints between the vertebral bodies
Only ligament that limits extension

41
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Narrow weaker ligament
Runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
Weakly resist hyper flexion of the vertebral column and helps prevent of redirect posterior herniation of the nucleus pulposus

42
Q

Ligamentum flava

A

Bind the lamina of the adjoining vertebrae together

43
Q

Interspinus ligament

A

Connect adjoining spinous processes, attaching from the rot of the apex of each processes

44
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Connect adjoining tips of spinous processes form the C7 to the sacrum and merge superiorly with the nuchal ligament of the back of the neck

45
Q

Superficial Muscles of the back

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

46
Q

Trapezius

A

Triangular muscles cover the posterior aspect of the neck and the superior half of the back
Innervation: Accessory Nerve XI
Action:
Descending fibers elevate the scapula
Middle fibers retract the scapula
Ascending fibers depress the scapula and lower the shoulder

47
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Innervation: Thoracodorsal Nerve
Action:
Acts directly on the glenohumeral joint and indirectly on the pectoral girdle.

48
Q

Levator Scapulae

A

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve
Action: Elevates the scapula

49
Q

Rhomboids

A

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve
Action: Retracts the scapula

50
Q

Intermediate Extrinsic Muscles of the Back: Intermediate Layer

A

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

51
Q

Intermediate Layer

A

More likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function muscles
Designated as superficial respiratory muscles

52
Q

Serratus posterior superior

A

Lies deep to the rhomboid muscles
Innervation 2th-5th intercostals
Action Propioreception of the elevation of the ribs

53
Q

Serratus posterior inferior

A

Lies deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle
Innervation: Anterior rami T9-T12 thoracic spinal nerves
Action: Propioreception of the depression of the ribs

54
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Erector spinae
Transversospinalis muscle group
Interspinales
Intertransversarii
Levatores costarum

55
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back (Superficial Layer)

A

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis

56
Q

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis

A

Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action: Laterally flexes the neck and rotates the head to the side of the active muscle

57
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back (Intermediate Layer)

A

Erector spinae (Iliocostalis, Longissimus and Spinalis)

58
Q

Erector spinae

A

Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action:
Unilaterally- Flex laterally the vertebral column
Bilaterally - Extend the vertebral column

59
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back (Deep Layer)

A

Transversospinalis group: Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores

60
Q

Transversospinalis group: Semispinalis

A

Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action: Extended the head and the thoracic and cervical vertebral regions

61
Q

Transversospinalis group: Multifidus

A

Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action: Stabilized the vertebra under local movement of vertebral column

62
Q

Transversospinalis group: Rotatores

A

Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action: Stabilized the vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of the vertebral column

63
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back (Minor Deep Layer)

A

Interspinales
Intertransversarii
Levatores costarum

64
Q

Interspinales

A

Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action: Extension and rotation of vertebrae

65
Q

Intertransversarii

A

Innervation: Anterior and Posterior rami of spinal nerve
Action: Aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column acting bilaterally

66
Q

Levatores costarum

A

Innervation: Posterior rami of C8-T1 spinal nerves
Action: Elevates the ribs assisting respiration

67
Q

Clinical Correlation: Laminectomy

A

Surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae in a particular region of the vertebral column
Often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots caused by a tumor, herniated IV disc, or bony hypertrophy

68
Q

Clinical Correlation: Fracture and Dislocation of Atlas

A

Jefferson or burst fracture
Compression to the lateral masses by the occipital condyles drive them apart, fracturing one or both of the anterior or posterior arches

Itself does not necessarily result in spinal cord injury,
because the dimensions of the bony ring actually increase.

Spinal cord injury is more likely to happen if the transverse
ligament has also been ruptured

69
Q

Clinical Correlation: Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus
(Herniation of IV Disc)

A

Protrusion of the gelatinous nucleus pulposus into or through the anulus fibrosus
Herniations of the nucleus pulposus usually extend posterolaterally
Can be damaged by violent rotation

70
Q

Clinical Correlations: Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral
column

A

Excessive thoracic kyphosis
Excessive lumbar lordosis

71
Q

Excessive thoracic kyphosis (humpback or hunchback)

A

Characterized by an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature; the vertebral column curves posteriorly
Can result from osteoporosis in older women

72
Q

Excessive lumbar lordosis (clinically
shortened to lordosis)

A

Characterized by an anterior tilting of the pelvis with increased extension of the lumbar vertebrae
Associated with weakened trunk musculature, especially the anterolateral abdominal muscles
Obesity in both sexes can also cause

73
Q

Clinical Correlations: Scoliosis

A

Characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae
The spinous processes turn toward the cavity of the abnormal
curvature, and when the individual bends over, the ribs rotate posteriorly (protrude) on the side of the increased convexity.

Anatomia (10 decks)

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