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Science 7 > Body Systems (INERH) > Flashcards

Body Systems (INERH) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

organisms that cause disease

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2
Q

What is a infectious disease?

A

a disease caused by a
foreign microorganism within the body.

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3
Q

What is the fist line of defense against Pathogens?

A

Skin: dead skin cells flake off removing
pathogens from body; outer epidermis acts as
a barrier too; rapid scabbing prevents
pathogen entry into body.

Breathing Passages: Nose, mouth, throat
contains mucus and cilia trapping and
removing pathogens. Coughing/sneezing also
removes pathogens.

Mouth & Stomach: saliva and stomach acid
can kill pathogens.

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4
Q

What is the second line of defense against pathogens?

A

White Blood Cells (WBC): are disease fighting cells.
There are many different types of WBC’s, each
having its own particular function. Phagocyte (WBC)
eat pathogens destroying them.

Inflammation: increased blood flow (enlarges blood
vessels) bringing more WBC’s to affected area (red,
swollen, warmer).

Fever: increasing body temperature fights infection;
pathogens do not grow/reproduce well at higher
temperatures.

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5
Q

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

A

Antigens: unique surface marker molecules on pathogen.

Antibody: molecular tag that attaches to antigen to recognize
as foreign.

Lymphocytes: WBC’s that can distinguish between different
kinds of pathogens. Two types:

T-cells (Alarm, Attack): specialized cell that recognizes
each kind of pathogen.T-cells multiply, then some attack
pathogen (“killer T-cells”) while others activate B – cells.

B-cells (Antibody “Tag” Factory): specialized cells that
produce specialized antibodies (proteins) that tag the
pathogen for destruction. The antibody binds to the antigen
on the pathogen, marking it for destruction by the
phagocytes.

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6
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

receives and responds to
information gotten both inside and outside of the
body; also helps to maintain homeostasis.

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7
Q

What is the stimulus?

A

an environmental signal that an
organism reacts to.

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8
Q

What is the response?

A

what the body does in reaction to a
stimulus.

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9
Q

What is a neuron?

A

specialized cell that carries
information; building block of Nervous System.

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10
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

message/information being carried

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11
Q

What does a neuron consist of?

A

nucleus, axon and
dendrites.

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12
Q

What are dendrites?

A

carries impulses toward the cell
body.

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13
Q

What is a axon?

A

carries impulses away from the cell
body.

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14
Q

What are nerve fibers?

A

axons & dendrites

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15
Q

What is a nerve?

A

bundle of nerve fibers

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16
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory Neuron: picks up stimuli and
converts it into an impulse.

Interneuron: carries impulse from one neuron
to another neuron (within brain or spinal cord).

Motor Neuron: brings impulse to muscle or
gland which then reacts in response.

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17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

is the gap between the axon tip and the
neighboring dendrite. Chemicals (dopamine,
seritonine) carry the impulse across the synaptic
gap.

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18
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

produces hormones
which controls/regulates organ & tissue
activities; regulates growth & development.

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19
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

(middle brain): linked to
Nervous System; maintains Homeostasis &
control of pituitary gland.

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20
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland?

A

growth, blood pressure,
water balance regulates; signals thyroid
gland to produce hormones.

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21
Q

What is the Thyroid Gland?

A

produces hormones;
controls energy inside cell

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22
Q

What is the Parathyroid?

A

regulates blood calcium.

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23
Q

What is the Thymus?

A

helps immune system
development

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24
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

controls blood sugar

25
Q

What is the Adrenal?

A

triggers
adrenaline during emergency situations;
“fight or flight response”.

26
Q

What are the Ovaries?

A

triggers egg development
(estrogen); female sexual development
(progesterone).

27
Q

What are the Testes?

A

regulates sperm development;
male sexual development (testosterone)

28
Q

What is the negative feedback loop?

A

The Endocrine System uses a negative
feedback loop (like a home thermostat) to
maintain homeostasis.

Through negative feedback, when the amount
of a specific hormone in the blood reaches
(rises) to a certain level, the hypothalamus
sends a signal to stop the release of that
hormone (homeostasis). If the hormone
level drops, a signal is sent to the
hypothalamus to release the hormone.

29
Q

What is gigantism?

A

When a person is 7-8´11 feet tall from genetic mutation

30
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

Shortness in a person from genetic mutation

31
Q

What is the Male Reproductive System?

A

produces
sperm and hormone testosterone; consists
of testes, scrotum, penis.

32
Q

What is the testes?

A

organ that produces sperm and
testosterone (which controls male physical
characteristics).

33
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

external pouch containing testes.

34
Q

What is semen?

A

mixture of sperm cells and fluids.

35
Q

What is the penis?

A

male sex organ; contains end of
urethra where urine/semen leave the body.

36
Q

What is the Female reproductive system?

A

produces eggs and
hormones estrogen, progesterone; consists of the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.

37
Q

What are ovaries?

A

produce egg cells and estrogen (which
controls some female characteristics) and
progesterone.

38
Q

What is the fallopian tube?

A

connects ovary (egg) to uterus;
where fertilization occurs. Each month, one of the
ovaries releases an egg.

39
Q

What is the uterus?

A

hollow muscular organ; the zygote
develops (embryo,fetus,newborn) in the uterus

40
Q

What is the vagina?

A

opening between uterus and outside body.

41
Q

What is fertilization?

A

joining of sperm and egg

42
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertilized egg

43
Q

What is a embryo?

A

from “two cell stage” to 8 weeks;

44
Q

What is a fetus?

A

3-9 months (birth)

45
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

monthly cycle of change consisting
of egg development in ovary and uterus prepares
for arrival of embryo.

46
Q

What is the amniotic sac?

A

fluid filled sac that cushions/protects
embryo/fetus

47
Q

What is the placenta?

A

regulating organ between baby & mother;
nutrients/oxygen in & waste out

48
Q

What is the umbillical cord?

A

connects fetus to placenta

(belly button)

49
Q

What is birth?

A

~ 9 month in humans; three stages:

labor, delivery, afterbirth

50
Q

What is delivery?

A

from uterus to outside world

51
Q

What is afterbirth?

A

contractions push placenta and
other membranes/fluid out through the vagina.

52
Q

What are identical twins?

A

from a single fertilized egg
that splits results in two genetically
identical individuals (copies).

53
Q

What are fraternal twins?

A

two different

eggs released & fertilized by

two different sperm; two different
individuals sharing the same womb.

54
Q

What is infancy?

A

dramatic change in shape & size;
nervous / muscular system development; learning
new physical skills.

55
Q

What is childhood?

A

more active, independent,
further physical & mental changes

56
Q

What is adolesence?

A

gradual change from child to
adult

57
Q

What is puberty?

A

(9-15yrs): At 12-14 yrs, ability to reproduce;

produce baby

58
Q

What is aging?

A

Science 7 (7 decks)

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