Body structures and Organ Systems Flashcards
What organ produces vitamin D, provides protection, and helps regulate body temperature?
Skin/Integumentary system.
What organ performs filtering, metabolism, storage, and synthesis and is the major organ of the digestive system?
Liver
Define dorsal.
describes locations that are towards the back of, or posterior to, the body.
Define Caudal
describes locations toward the tail of the patient’s body.
Define cephalic
describes locations pertaining to the patient’s head.
Define medial
describes locations that are toward the middle of the body.
What plane divides the upper and lower portions of the body?
Transverse.
What plane divides the body front and back?
Coronal.
What plane divides the body into assymetrical right and left sides?
Sagittal.
What plane divides the body into bilteral symetrical right and left sides?
Midsagital.
What function does the stomach have? And where is it located?
Produce secretions and digest proteins. Located on LUQ or abdominal cavity.
What function does the small intestine have?
primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients, which is the final process of digestion.
What function does the bile duct have?
deliver bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum
What function does the esophagus have?
primarily a passageway for food with a mucus lining that eases the passage of food.
What body system experiences a decrease in activity caused by the sympathetic branch of the nervous system during “flight or flight” response?
Digestive system. The digestive system experiences a decrease in peristalsis during a “fight-or-flight” response. The movement of food is slowed down as it passes through the digestive system, preventing vomiting or defecation as a response to fear or trauma. The system will remain in this state until the individual feels safe.
What body system provides the framework to protect the body from pathogenic organisms and maintain fluid balance?
Lymphatic system. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to defend the body against foreign cells and diseases, provide immunity, and maintain fluid balance.
What is the primary function for the GI system?
break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed by the cells of the body.
Primary function for the musculoskeletal system?
provide support, posture, and heat production.
What system works with the respiratory system to remove waste from the body’s cells?
Cardiovascular system.
What gland is part of the immune system and endocrine system?
Thymus.
Define superior
Above or closer to the head
Define inferior
Below or closer to the feet.
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
Proximal
Closer to the trunk of the body
Distal
Farther Away from the trunk
The skeletal system contains what?
Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, ligament.
What is the axial skeleton?
80 bones including the skull vertebrae and ribs.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Has 126 bones including arms legs and pelvic girdle.
What is a ligament?
Attaches bone to bone for joint stability
What are long bones?
Examples are femur, humorous, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius. They are covered in articular cartilage to allow joint movement without causing friction. Contain yellow bone marrow
Define short bones.
Found in the wrist and ankles typically small and round. Examples are carpals and tarsals
What are flat bones?
Majority of surface area is flat or slightly curved. School and ribs are an example.
What are irregular bones?
Unusual shape that is typically related to their function. Vertebrae and pelvis are examples.
What are sesamoid bones
Small round bones found in joints that are held in place by tendons. Patella is an example.
What are the three different types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle smooth muscle
What is skeletal muscle responsible for?
Responsible for body movement and is also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle.
What is smooth muscle found in?
Found within in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and the iris of the eye. Also called involuntary muscle
Define tendon
And a skeletal muscles that attach the muscle to a bone
What is all included in the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, lymph nodules, thymus, spleen, interstitial fluid.
What are lymph nodes
Small glandular structures concentrated in the neck excellent and groin which produce in store lymphocytes and are home to macrophages that filter lymph
What are lymph nodules
Masses of lymphoid tissue compromise of macrophages and lymphocytes. Lymph nodules are not encapsulated like lymph nodes
What is a thymus
Located posterior to the sternum. Responsible for the production and maturation of t cells.
What is the role of a spleen
It is the largest lymphoid oregon, in the upper left abdominal quadrant. Home to the macrophages that filter the blood.
What is interstitial fluid
Fluid from tissues found between cells one’s collected and filtered it’s called lymph.
Define immunoglobulins
Their antibodies.
Define antibody
Protein the body creates and response to specific antigens
What are b cells?
Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and respond by turning into plasma cells these plasma cells then create antibodies against specific antigens
What are T cells
Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly
What are monocytes
Then golf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies.
What is an artery?
Thick walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They propel blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points on the body smaller branches are arterials.
What is vein?
Vessels that carry blood toward the heart. There are thinner walled and arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow. Smaller branches are venules.
What is a capillary?
The smallest blood vessels which connect arterials to venules they aid in exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells.
What is the function of the kidneys?
Responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine.
What function does the liver have and where is it located?
Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Produces bile needed to break down fats.
What is the function of the gallbladder and where is it located?
Located inferior to the liver. Stores bile and connects to duodenum.
What is the function of the pancreas and where is it located.
Posterior to the stomach and connects to the duodenum produces enzymes that aid with digestion.
What makes up the nervous system?
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is broken up into the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls the body’s voluntary or skeletal muscles. The automatic nervous system controls the body’s automatic functions like breathing and digestion
What are the organs of the endocrine system?
Adrenal glands, hypothalamus, ovaries, pancreas, parathyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, testes, thymus, thyroid gland
What hormones do the adrenal glands produce? And what are their functions?
Cortex (regulates electrolytes), cortisol (regulates carbs) epinephrine, (flight or fight response) norepinephrine (vasoconstriction).
What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
Produces antidiaretic hormone (stimulates reabsorption of water and kidneys) and oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk).
What hormones do the ovaries produce and what other functions?
Estrogen (development of secondary sex characteristics in females and regulates menses) and progesterone (prepares the body for pregnancy).
What hormones do the pancreas produce and what are their functions?
Alpha cells or glucagon (increases blood sugar), and beta cells or insulin. (Decreases blood sugar)
What hormones do the parathyroid gland produce and what is the function
Parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium.
What is what hormone does the pineal gland produce and what is its function.
Melatonin and a regulates onset of puberty and biological clock..
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release and what are its functions?
Growth hormone (stimulates body growth), melanocyte stimulating hormone (stimulate skin pigment) adrenocorticotropic hormone,(regulates adrenal cortex) thyroid stimulating hormone (regulates thyroid gland)follicle stimulating hormone(simulates growth of OVA and sperm), luteinizing hormone( stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males), prolactin. (stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males)
What hormone does the thymus produce and what is its function?
Thymosing and it helps with the development of cells and the immune system.
