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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > BODY ORGANS > Flashcards

BODY ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

what are organs?

A

collection of tissues joined together

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2
Q

what do organs do?

A

specific functions

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3
Q

what are body systems?

A

groups of organs responsible for major tasks

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4
Q

where are ovaries located?

A

1 on each side of pelvis below kidneys

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5
Q

what do ovaries produce?

A

eggs and secrete hormones

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6
Q

where are testes located?

A

1 on either side of penis

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7
Q

what are testes in?

A

scrotum

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8
Q

what do testes produce?

A

sperm and secrete hormones

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9
Q

where is the uterus located?

A

centrally in pelvis connected on each side to ovaries by oviducts

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10
Q

what type of muscle is the uterus?

A

non striated muscle lined by special epithelium

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11
Q

what does the uterus produce monthly?

A

new epithelium

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12
Q

what does the uterus do?

A

supports and protects foetus until birth

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13
Q

where Is the bladder located?

A

lies centrally at front of lower pelvis

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14
Q

what muscle is bladder?

A

non striated muscle lined by epithelium

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15
Q

what does bladder collect and store?

A

urine until appropriate time for release

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16
Q

what is the kidney composed of?

A

nephrons

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17
Q

what does the kidneys do?

A

eliminate waste products and water maintaining homeostasis

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18
Q

after a meal rich in carbohydrates what happens to blood glucose?

A

starts to rise

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19
Q

where Is the pancreas located?

A

lies between stomach and duodenum on left side of abdomen

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20
Q

what does pancreas secrete?

A

digestive juices down ducts to small intestine

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21
Q

what is the ileum?

A

long coiled part of small intestine joined to duodenum

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22
Q

what type of muscle is ileum?

A

2 coats of non striated muscle and villi lined by columnar epithelium

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23
Q

what does the ileum pass to colon?

A

undigested chyme

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24
Q

what happens to the undigested chyme in the colon?

A

absorbs nutrients into blood stream

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25
Q

what does colon join to?

A

ileum in right hand side of abdomen

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26
Q

what does the colon run up to?

A

liver in front of stomach

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27
Q

what does the colon run down to?

A

left side to join with the rectum

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28
Q

what type of muscle is the colon?

A

2 coats of non striated muscle but outer coat is not complete

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29
Q

what does the colon absorb?

A

water producing semi solid faeces

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30
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

c shaped part of small intestine

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31
Q

where is the duodenum located?

A

lies beyond the stomach

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32
Q

what type of muscle is the duodenum?

A

2 coats of non striated muscle lined by columnar epithelium

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33
Q

what does the duodenum pass chyme to?

A

ileum

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34
Q

what does the duodenum secrete?

A

major digestive secretions

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35
Q

where is the stomach located?

A

in abdomen on left side beneath diaphragm

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36
Q

what type of muscle is the stomach?

A

non striated muscle in 3 layers, epithelium and gastric glands

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37
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

churns and mixes food into chyme

begins digestion

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38
Q

where is the liver located?

A

in abdomen on R side beneath diaphragm

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39
Q

what type of muscle is the liver?

A

cuboid epithelial cells in lobules

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40
Q

what does the liver do?

A

large n.o of functions such as secretes bile and salts and stores glycogen

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41
Q

where is the brain located?

A

inside skull in head

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42
Q

what is the brain made up of?

A

nervous tissue consisting of neurons and neuroglia

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43
Q

what does the brain do?

A

receives and sends nervous impulses as a means of communication

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44
Q

what are the 15 organs?

A 
heart
lungs
brain
stomach
liver
pancreas
duodenum 
ileum 
colon
kidneys
bladder 
ovaries
testes
uterus
skin
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45
Q

where are the lungs located?

A

2 on either side of heart filling the chest cavity

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46
Q

what type of muscle is the lungs?

A

simple epithelia and elastic fibres allowing expansion and contraction

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47
Q

what do the lungs do?

A

inhalation and exhalation of gases linked to respiration

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48
Q

what does the oesophagus do?

A

food passes through from the mouth to the stomach due to peristalsis

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49
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

secretes enzymes that break food down into small pieces

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50
Q

what does the liver do?

A

produces an alkaline liquid called bile

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51
Q

what do the salivary glands do?

A

produces and secretes several enzymes such as amylase and lipase

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52
Q

what does the duodenum do?

A

churns food to break it down into chyme

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53
Q

what does the small intestine do?

A

covered in 1000’s of villi to absorb key nutrients

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54
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

enzymes are poured into this area from the liver and pancreas that continue digestive process

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55
Q

what does the colon do?

A

undigested food passes into here and absorption of water occurs here

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56
Q

what does the rectum do?

A

stores faeces

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57
Q

what does the anus do?

A

expulsion occurs here

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58
Q

what does the alimentary canal do?

A

tube that extends from mouth to anus

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59
Q

what are cells?

A

basic unit of living material

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60
Q

what do cells do?

A

carry out vast n.o of chemical reactions and processes that make up life

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61
Q

how do cells exist?

A

rarely alone

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62
Q

what are groups of cells known as?

A

tissues

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63
Q

where are lysosomes found?

A

in all parts of cell cytoplasm

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64
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus

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65
Q

what do lysosomes contain?

A

powerful enzymes capable of digesting all major chemical components

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66
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

destroy bacteria and other foreign materials

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67
Q

where do lysosomes travel?

A

freely throughout cell

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68
Q

what is plasma?

A

mainly water

combination of important proteins called plasma proteins

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69
Q

what does plasma do?

A

has roles in blood clotting, transport, defence against invading organisms and osmotic regulation

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70
Q

what are the most numerous cells in plasma?

A

red blood cells - erythrocytes

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71
Q

what is an organelle?

A

tiny bodies inside a cell which carry out particular tasks

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72
Q

where Is a nucleus located?

A

centre of a cell

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73
Q

what Is a nucleus enclosed by?

A

membrane

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74
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

genetic material

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75
Q

what does the cell membrane separate?

A

interior of cell from outside environment

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76
Q

what does the cell membrane consist of?

A

lipid bilayer

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77
Q

what is the protoplasm?

A

anything inside cell boundary

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78
Q

what is the protoplasm divided up into?

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

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79
Q

what is the lipid bilayer?

A

thin polar membrane made of 2 layers of lipid molecules

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80
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

anything inside cell boundary but outside nucleus

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81
Q

what happens in cytoplasm?

A

most chemical reactions

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82
Q

how many centrioles does each cell have?

A

at least 2

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83
Q

what do centrioles play a part in?

A

cell division

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84
Q

where are centrioles found?

A

near nucleus

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85
Q

when can centrioles be seen?

A

when the cell is dividing through microscopes

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86
Q

what are centrioles made up of?

A

protein strands called microtubules

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87
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

thread like structures found inside nucleus of cells

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88
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes in a human cell?

A

23

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89
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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90
Q

what is DNA?

A

another nucleic acid

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91
Q

what is DNA responsible for?

A

inherited characteristics

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92
Q

what are genes?

A

sequences of our DNA

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93
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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94
Q

what is RNA?

A

1 of nucleic acids found in cell and nucleus

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95
Q

what is RNA responsible for?

A

manufacture of cell proteins

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96
Q

what are 6 examples of organelle?

A 
centrioles
mitochondria 
ER
ribosomes 
Golgi apparatus 
lysosomes
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97
Q

what is located on the Cristae?

A

enzymes responsible for end stages of cell respiration

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98
Q

how many mitochondria in each cell?

A

at least 1000

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99
Q

what is mitochondria concerned with?

A

energy release

100
Q

what is a mitochondria?

A

double layered membrane

101
Q

what does the inner layer of membrane do?

A

fold at intervals prodding ridges known as cristae

102
Q

what do microtubules do at start of cell division?

A

move to opposite ends of cells

103
Q

what happens when microtubules move to opposite ends of cells at start of cell division?

A

they make even more microtubules known as the mitotic spindle

104
Q

what do microtubules connect to?

A

chromosomes

105
Q

what does microtubules connecting to chromosomes give new cells formed?

A

correct amount of DNA

106
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

packaging proteins for delivery to other organelles

producing lysosomes

107
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus appear as?

A

a series of flattened fluid - filled sacs stacked like pancakes

108
Q

what does ER stand for?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

109
Q

what are the 2 types of ER?

A

rough

smooth

110
Q

what is ER?

A

branching network that fills cell interior

111
Q

what is RER studded with?

A

ribosomes

112
Q

what is the function of RER?

A

making cell proteins

113
Q

what does RER act as?

A

temporary storage area

114
Q

what does SER not have attached?

A

ribosomes

115
Q

what is SER involved in?

A

metabolism of lipids

116
Q

how many ribosomes in a cell?

A

1000’s

117
Q

when are ribosomes visible?

A

with electron microscopes

118
Q

what do ribosomes appear as?

A

black bodies on RER or lying free in cytoplasm

119
Q

what does ribosomes contain?

A

different forms of RNA

120
Q

what do ribosomes manufacture?

A

proteins

121
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

122
Q

what is required by ATP?

A

the energy released from glucose is trapped and stored until needed

123
Q

what does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

124
Q

what breaks down to ADP?

A

ATP

125
Q

what happens when ATP breaks down to ADP?

A

energy is released

126
Q

what happens after energy is released when ATP breaks down to ADP?

A

ADP is then recycled and built up once more into ATP using energy released from glucose

127
Q

what are 2 things about electron microscopes?

A

very powerful

needed to see inside cells

128
Q

what are photomicrographs?

A

photograph taken of object magnified using microscope

129
Q

what does acute kidney failure sometimes cause?

A

permanent loss of kidney function or end stage renal disease

130
Q

what do people with end stage renal disease require?

A

either a dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive

131
Q

what is a dialysis?

A

a mechanical filtration process used to remove toxins and wastes from the body

132
Q

what are 4 symptoms of kidney failure?

A

lower output of urine
pain or pressure in chest
swelling of limbs
seizure

133
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

intolerance to gluten

134
Q

what does coeliac disease do to the body?

A

triggers an immune response that damages your small intestine lining villi preventing them from absorbing some nutrients

135
Q

what does coeliac disease cause?

A

malabsorption which can affect growth and development

136
Q

what is leukaemia?

A

cancer of blood cells usually from bone marrow which results in high n.o of abnormal cells

137
Q

where is leukaemia normally?

A

bone marrow

138
Q

what type of blood cell cancer is leukaemia?

A

white blood cels but sometimes others

139
Q

what does leukaemia do to blood cells?

A

not fully developed and are called leukaemia cells

140
Q

what are white blood cells?

A

larger nucleated and less numerous blood cells

141
Q

how many types of white blood cells are there?

A

several

142
Q

what are the most numerous types of white blood cells?

A

granulocytes

143
Q

what are 4 symptoms of leukaemia?

A 
fever or chills 
weakness 
severe infections 
losing weight without trying 
easy bleeding or bruising
144
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a type of protein found within a cell

145
Q

what do enzymes create?

A

chemical reactions in the body

146
Q

what do enzymes speed up?

A

rate of a chemical reaction to help support life

147
Q

why is an enzymes shape important?

A

it is tied to its function

148
Q

what can destroy an enzymes shape?

A

heat
disease
harsh chemical conditions

149
Q

what happens if an enzymes shape is damaged?

A

it can no longer work and affects the body processes the enzyme helped support

150
Q

where are enzymes produced?

A

naturally in the body

151
Q

what are enzymes essential for?

A

healthy digestion

152
Q

what are cells?

A

basic unit of living material

153
Q

how many cells are in each individual?

A

billions

154
Q

what do cells do?

A

Carry out vast n.o of chemical reactions and processes that make up life

155
Q

how do cells exist?

A

rarely alone

156
Q

how are cells grouped?

A

together with similar cells which carry out particular tasks

157
Q

what are groups of cells known as?

A

tissue

158
Q

what type of disorder is PKU?

A

genetic disorder

159
Q

what does PKU stand for?

A

phenylketonuria

160
Q

what is PKU caused by?

A

recessive allele

161
Q

what is phenylketonuria?

A

when your body can’t process the amino acid phenylalanine

162
Q

what happens to infants who have PKU?

A

develop a higher level of phenylalanine in their blood

163
Q

what does it cause to infants who have PKU?

A

damage to their brain and severe mental disabilities

164
Q

how can PKU be avoided?

A

a diet without phenylalanine

165
Q

how are newborn babies tested for PKU?

A

tested at birth using blood from a small heel prick

166
Q

what is energy needed for?

A

to circulate blood, lymph and tissue fluid throughout the body

167
Q

what is energy necessary for?

A

breathing and taking in oxygen

making new cells for carrying out growth and repair

168
Q

what is energy used for?

A

to send nerve impulses so that you can respond to changes in environment

169
Q

what is energy needed to build?

A

different complex molecules such as enzymes and hormones from the simple molecules produced after the digestion of food

170
Q

how can energy exist?

A

in several forms

171
Q

what type of energy is most common?

A

chemical energy

172
Q

what is chemical energy?

A

chemical bond that unites atoms or molecules with each other

173
Q

what is required to form a new bond made between 2 atoms?

A

energy

174
Q

what happens when a bond is broken?

A

atoms are released and the energy in the bond is released as well

175
Q

what are 5 types of energy?

A 
heat
light
sound
electrical 
nuclear
176
Q

what is energy being used for even if the body is inactive?

A

to pump blood around the body

177
Q

what is basal metabolism?

A

the amount of energy needed to pump blood around the body when body is inactive

178
Q

what does basal metabolism vary with?

A

age
size
gender

179
Q

what is the average energy consumption when asleep for 8 hours?

A

2400 KJ

180
Q

what is total energy consumption?

A

12000 KJ

181
Q

who requires more energy?

A

men more than women

182
Q

what is KJ?

A

kilojoules

183
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions

184
Q

what does metabolism involve?

A

using or releasing energy from chemical substances

185
Q

what is the structure of cartilage?

A

smooth
translucent
firm substance

186
Q

what does cartilage protect?

A

bone ends from friction during movement

187
Q

does cartilage form a major part of?

A

the nose

external ear flaps called pinnae

188
Q

what is chondrocytes?

A

cartilage cells

189
Q

what is secreted by chondrocytes?

A

matrix

190
Q

what do cartilage give?

A

characteristic appearance

191
Q

what do cartilage not contain?

A

blood vessels

192
Q

what is nourished by diffusion from underlying bone?

A

cartilage

193
Q

what is much harder than cartilage?

A

bone

194
Q

what can be worn away by friction?

A

bone

195
Q

what does rigid matrix have?

A

2 major components

196
Q

what are the 2 major components of the rigid matrix?

A

calcium salts

collagen fibres

197
Q

what do calcium salts form around?

A

collagen fibres and give bone its hardness

198
Q

collagen fibres offer what?

A

some ability to bend under strain and prevent bone from being too brittle and likely to fracture

199
Q

what are osteocytes trapped in?

A

hard matrix on concentric rings called lamellae

200
Q

what is Haversian system?

A

the system of concentric rings

201
Q

what do blood vessels and nerves pass through?

A

hollow centre of each Haversian system

202
Q

what is bone designed to do ?

A

bare weight

203
Q

what are limb bones used to protect?

A

vital weaker tissues

204
Q

what do bones contain?

A

marrow in central hollow

205
Q

what does marrow make in some bones?

A

vital blood cells

206
Q

what do synovial joints do?

A

allow us the free movement to perform skills and techniques during physical activity

207
Q

what does synovial fluid in joint cavity do?

A

lubricates the joint so it moves smoothly

208
Q

what is synovial fluid made by?

A

the synovial membrane

209
Q

how many fibrous joints in the body?

A

fewer than 10

210
Q

what are bones held together by?

A

tough fibres

211
Q

what are cartilaginous joints?

A

bones separated by cushion of cartilage

212
Q

how much can bones move?

A

only a little bit

213
Q

what stops bones from moving too far?

A

ligaments

214
Q

what do cartilaginous joints allow us to do?

A

bend

straighten and rate through the back but not too far

215
Q

what does oxygen and haemoglobin form in oxygenated blood?

A

compound haemoglobin

216
Q

what colour is oxyhaemoglobin?

A

bright red

217
Q

what colour is the reduced haemoglobin when deoxygenated blood after dissolved oxygen is delivered to body cells?

A

dark red

218
Q

what do lungs occupy?

A

most of the thoracic cavity

219
Q

where is the apex of the lungs near?

A

the clavicle

220
Q

where does the base of the lungs rest?

A

on diaphragm

221
Q

what is the lungs divided up into?

A

superior portion
inferior portion
apex
base

222
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

223
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

224
Q

what are the 2 types of respiration?

A

aerobic

anaerobic

225
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

respiration that uses oxygen to release energy from glucose

226
Q

where can aerobic respiration happen?

A

inside cells as many cellular enzymes are required

227
Q

what is energy used to do in respiration?

A

the work of the cells, tissues, organs and organ systems

228
Q

what do all cells do in respiration?

A

respire aerobically producing water, carbon dioxide and energy as products

229
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

respiration that doesn’t use oxygen because some cells when active use up energy faster than the body can take in oxygen by breathing

230
Q

what is needed for anaerobic respiration?

A

many cellular enzymes

231
Q

what products are formed from anaerobic respiration?

A

energy and lactic acid

232
Q

what can body and blood tolerate for enzymes to work?

A

certain levels of acidity

233
Q

when can anaerobic respiration occur?

A

for short periods of time

234
Q

is anaerobic respiration more or less efficient than aerobic respiration?

A

less and produces less energy

235
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the force blood exerts on walls of blood vessels it is passing through

236
Q

what is blood pressure measured using?

A

a sphygomomanometer

237
Q

what does systolic BP correspond to?

A

pressure of blood when ventricles are contracting

238
Q

what does dystolic BP represent?

A

BP when ventricles are relaxing and filing

239
Q

what is standard BP for a young healthy adult?

A

120 / 80 mm Hg

240
Q

how is BP usually written?

A

systolic / diastolic

241
Q

what is the unit of BP

A

mm Hg

242
Q

where is BP highest?

A

in blood vessels nearer the heart like aorta and large arteries

243
Q

when does BP drop rapidly?

A

when blood is forced through medium sized arteries and arterioles as these muscular vessels present considerable resistance

244
Q

how is BP in capillaries?

A

very low and blood in veins has to be assisted back to the heart by muscular pump

245
Q

where are veins in limbs located?

A

between muscle groups

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (8 decks)

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