body organization Flashcards
what is a Cell
: basic unit of an organism (life)
what are Tissues
: group of same cells that have the same
function (activity; do the same thing)
what are Tissues the groups
Types of tissues: muscle, nervous, connective,
epithelial (= covering; skin and organ lining)
what are Organs
contains different tissues but performs a specific function (activity); example: heart – pumps blood; stomach – store food; begins breakdown solid food
what are Organ Systems
group of different organs working together to perform a major (complex) function
what are organ systems part 2
Types of Human Organ Systems: Skeletal, Muscular, Digestive, Circulatory (see below), Lymphatic, Respiratory, Excretory, Nervous, Endocrine, Reproductive, Immune Example: Circulatory System – transports materials to (nutrients) and from (waste) body cells
Homeostasis vs. Dynamic Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium: a state of balance in nonliving, physical systems
what is Homeostasis (Regulation):
the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of change in the external environment [a state of balance/stability in living, biologic systems]
what is a Vertebral Column:
backbone
what is a Vertebrae:
disc-like small bones separated by cartilage (protection, flexibility, movement)
what is a Joint:
where two bones come together; allows bones to move in different ways
what are Immovable joints:
no movement; ex: skull bones Movable Joints: movement
what are Ligaments:
tissue holding joints together; bone to bone
what is Cartilage
: cushion
Hinge joint:
forward/backward; ex: knee, elbow
Ball & Socket Joint:
free movement; ex: shoulder, hip
Pivot Joint
: side to side rotation; ex: neck
Gliding Joint:
sliding motion; ex: wrist, ankle
Bone Structure
(phosphorus, calcium):
Compact Bone
(outer): hard, dense; carrying blood vessels and nerves
Spongy Bone
(inner): holes (porous); lightweight but strong
Marrow
(central interior): soft tissue inside bone
Osteoporosis:
mineral loss leading to weak, brittle bones.
Involuntary Muscles:
not under conscious control; example: heart beat, breathing, digesting food
Voluntary Muscles:
underconscious control; example: facial expressions, walking
Striated=
muscle with lines
Nonstriated=
muscles without lines
Skeletal Muscles:
attached to and moves bones of the skeleton Striated muscle Voluntary muscle Quick, fast but tires quickly
Tendon:
attached muscle to bone
Cardiac Muscle:
heart only striated, branchingmuscle involuntary muscle does not tire
Smooth Muscle:
part of internal organs and blood vessels. not striated involuntary muscle moves slowly, tires more slowly
Muscles work in pairs because
. . . Muscle cells can only contract (they can not extend or expand).(they can not extend or expand). One muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes
SKIN FUNCTION
Covers and protects from injury, infection,
water loss
Regulates body temperature
Removes waste (perspiration)
Collects environmental information
Produces Vitamin D
LARGEST ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY
Skin consists of:
epidermis – outer layer
dermis – inner layer
EPIDERMIS (OUTER LAYER):
No nerves, no blood vessels
Upper Epidermis
(dead cell layer) – consists
of dead cells which shed after two weeks
Lower Epidermis
(skin producing factory) –
consists of living epidermal cells which divide
forming new cells. After two weeks, they die,
move upward becoming part of the Upper
Epidermis surface layer.
Function:
protects, cushions, carries away
bacteria, produces melanin.
Melanin
– skin (color) pigment which protects
against burning
DERMIS:
located below the epidermis and above
the fat layer contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and
oil glands, hair follicle.
Sweat glands-
produce perspiration
(temperature regulation)
Oil glands –
waterproof hair and keeps skin
moist
Hair follicle –
site of hair growth
Below Dermis:
Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone
Skin Health:
diet
keep clean and dry
limit sun exposure
Skin Cancer:
over exposure to sunlight can
damage skin cells where cells divide
uncontrollably (basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma).
Too much Sun: skin leathery and wrinkled
Digestive System Functions:
- breakdown food into nutrient
molecules - absorption of nutrient molecules
(into Circulatory System)
eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)
Absorption:
nutrient molecules pass through wall of
small intestine into bloodstream (Circulatory
System)
Digestion Notes
Digestion: breakdown food into nutrient
molecules. Two (2) types of digestion:
Mechanical Digestion:
physical breakdown by
chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)
Chemical Digestion:
chemicals (enzymes,
acids) breakdown food. Example: enzymes in
mouth breakdown starch into sugars, acids in
stomach breakdown proteins
Mouth:
digestion begins; saliva contains
water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down
starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.
Teeth Types:
incisors: cut into pieces
canines: tear, slash into pieces
molars: crush and grind into powder
Enzyme:
protein that speeds up chemical
reactions
Esophagus
: muscular tube connecting
mouth to stomach.
Epiglottis:
flap (sheet) of tissue which
seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.
Peristalsis:
involuntary muscular
contractions that push food toward
stomach and through intestines.
Stomach:
holds/stores food; where protein
breakdown begins:
mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but
some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes)
occurs.
Digestive Juice:
HCL acid and pepsin
(enzyme).
Stomach Function:
holds and stores food;
protein (breakdown) digestion begins.
Small Intestine Function:
most chemical
digestion and absorption (into Circulatory System)
occurs; enzymes enter small intestine from
small intestine wall, liver and pancreas.
wall
Wall covered by finger-like villi which absorb
nutrient molecules.
Villi
Villi increase surface area which increases rate
of absorption. (feeding of body cells)
Nutrient
molecules move by osmosis from
small intestine into capillaries (Circulatory
System).
Liver Function:
breaks down medicine and alcohol
(poisons, toxins)
removes nitrogen
produces bile
Bile:
stored in gallbladder (below liver); like a “dish detergent” . . . physically
breaks down large fat particles into small
fat particles.
Pancreas Function:
produces enzymes which
enter small intestine and chemically breaks down
fats, proteins and complex carbohydrates (starch).
Large Intestine Functions:
→ contains good bacteria that produces Vitamin K
(clots blood)
Rectum:
stores undigested solid waste
Anus:
muscular opening at end of rectum
Pepsin:
enzyme that breaks down protein.
Mucus:
covers stomach wall which
protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in
stomach wall)
HCL Acid:
chemical that breaks down solid
food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria
