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7th grade science > body organization > Flashcards

body organization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a Cell

A

: basic unit of an organism (life)

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2
Q

what are Tissues

A

: group of same cells that have the same
function (activity; do the same thing)

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3
Q

what are Tissues the groups

A

Types of tissues: muscle, nervous, connective,
epithelial (= covering; skin and organ lining)

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4
Q

what are Organs

A

contains different tissues but performs a specific function (activity); example: heart – pumps blood; stomach – store food; begins breakdown solid food

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5
Q

what are Organ Systems

A

group of different organs working together to perform a major (complex) function

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6
Q

what are organ systems part 2

A

Types of Human Organ Systems: Skeletal, Muscular, Digestive, Circulatory (see below), Lymphatic, Respiratory, Excretory, Nervous, Endocrine, Reproductive, Immune Example: Circulatory System – transports materials to (nutrients) and from (waste) body cells

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7
Q

Homeostasis vs. Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Dynamic Equilibrium: a state of balance in nonliving, physical systems

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8
Q

what is Homeostasis (Regulation):

A

the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of change in the external environment [a state of balance/stability in living, biologic systems]

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9
Q

what is a Vertebral Column:

A

backbone

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10
Q

what is a Vertebrae:

A

disc-like small bones separated by cartilage (protection, flexibility, movement)

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11
Q

what is a Joint:

A

where two bones come together; allows bones to move in different ways

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12
Q

what are Immovable joints:

A

no movement; ex: skull bones Movable Joints: movement

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13
Q

what are Ligaments:

A

tissue holding joints together; bone to bone

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14
Q

what is Cartilage

A

: cushion

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15
Q

Hinge joint:

A

forward/backward; ex: knee, elbow

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16
Q

Ball & Socket Joint:

A

free movement; ex: shoulder, hip

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17
Q

Pivot Joint

A

: side to side rotation; ex: neck

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18
Q

Gliding Joint:

A

sliding motion; ex: wrist, ankle

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19
Q

Bone Structure

A

(phosphorus, calcium):

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20
Q

Compact Bone

A

(outer): hard, dense; carrying blood vessels and nerves

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21
Q

Spongy Bone

A

(inner): holes (porous); lightweight but strong

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22
Q

Marrow

A

(central interior): soft tissue inside bone

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23
Q

Osteoporosis:

A

mineral loss leading to weak, brittle bones.

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24
Q

Involuntary Muscles:

A

not under conscious control; example: heart beat, breathing, digesting food

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25
Q

Voluntary Muscles:

A

underconscious control; example: facial expressions, walking

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26
Q

Striated=

A

muscle with lines

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27
Q

Nonstriated=

A

muscles without lines

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28
Q

Skeletal Muscles:

A

attached to and moves bones of the skeleton Striated muscle Voluntary muscle Quick, fast but tires quickly

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29
Q

Tendon:

A

attached muscle to bone

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30
Q

Cardiac Muscle:

A

heart only striated, branchingmuscle involuntary muscle does not tire

31
Q

Smooth Muscle:

A

part of internal organs and blood vessels. not striated involuntary muscle moves slowly, tires more slowly

32
Q

Muscles work in pairs because

A

. . . Muscle cells can only contract (they can not extend or expand).(they can not extend or expand). One muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes

33
Q

SKIN FUNCTION

A

Covers and protects from injury, infection,
water loss

Regulates body temperature

Removes waste (perspiration)

Collects environmental information

Produces Vitamin D

34
Q

LARGEST ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY

A

Skin consists of:

epidermis – outer layer

dermis – inner layer

35
Q

EPIDERMIS (OUTER LAYER):

A

No nerves, no blood vessels

36
Q

Upper Epidermis

A

(dead cell layer) – consists
of dead cells which shed after two weeks

37
Q

Lower Epidermis

A

(skin producing factory) –
consists of living epidermal cells which divide
forming new cells. After two weeks, they die,
move upward becoming part of the Upper
Epidermis surface layer.

38
Q

Function:

A

protects, cushions, carries away
bacteria, produces melanin.

39
Q

Melanin

A

– skin (color) pigment which protects
against burning

40
Q

DERMIS:

A

located below the epidermis and above
the fat layer contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and
oil glands, hair follicle.

41
Q

Sweat glands-

A

produce perspiration
(temperature regulation)

42
Q

Oil glands –

A

waterproof hair and keeps skin
moist

43
Q

Hair follicle –

A

site of hair growth

44
Q

Below Dermis:

A

Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone

45
Q

Skin Health:

A

diet

keep clean and dry

limit sun exposure

46
Q

Skin Cancer:

A

over exposure to sunlight can
damage skin cells where cells divide
uncontrollably (basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma).

Too much Sun: skin leathery and wrinkled

46
Q

Digestive System Functions:

A
  1. breakdown food into nutrient
    molecules
  2. absorption of nutrient molecules

(into Circulatory System)

eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)

47
Q

Absorption:

A

nutrient molecules pass through wall of
small intestine into bloodstream (Circulatory
System)

48
Q

Digestion Notes

A

Digestion: breakdown food into nutrient
molecules. Two (2) types of digestion:

49
Q

Mechanical Digestion:

A

physical breakdown by
chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)

50
Q

Chemical Digestion:

A

chemicals (enzymes,
acids) breakdown food. Example: enzymes in
mouth breakdown starch into sugars, acids in
stomach breakdown proteins

51
Q

Mouth:

A

digestion begins; saliva contains
water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down
starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.

52
Q

Teeth Types:

A

incisors: cut into pieces

canines: tear, slash into pieces

molars: crush and grind into powder

53
Q

Enzyme:

A

protein that speeds up chemical
reactions

54
Q

Esophagus

A

: muscular tube connecting
mouth to stomach.

55
Q

Epiglottis:

A

flap (sheet) of tissue which
seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.

56
Q

Peristalsis:

A

involuntary muscular
contractions that push food toward
stomach and through intestines.

57
Q

Stomach:

A

holds/stores food; where protein
breakdown begins:

mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but

some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes)
occurs.

58
Q

Digestive Juice:

A

HCL acid and pepsin
(enzyme).

59
Q

Stomach Function:

A

holds and stores food;
protein (breakdown) digestion begins.

60
Q

Small Intestine Function:

A

most chemical
digestion and absorption (into Circulatory System)
occurs; enzymes enter small intestine from
small intestine wall, liver and pancreas.

61
Q

wall

A

Wall covered by finger-like villi which absorb
nutrient molecules.

62
Q

Villi

A

Villi increase surface area which increases rate
of absorption. (feeding of body cells)

63
Q

Nutrient

A

molecules move by osmosis from
small intestine into capillaries (Circulatory
System).

64
Q

Liver Function:

A

breaks down medicine and alcohol
(poisons, toxins)

removes nitrogen

produces bile

65
Q

Bile:

A

stored in gallbladder (below liver); like a “dish detergent” . . . physically
breaks down large fat particles into small
fat particles.

66
Q

Pancreas Function:

A

produces enzymes which
enter small intestine and chemically breaks down
fats, proteins and complex carbohydrates (starch).

67
Q

Large Intestine Functions:

A

→ contains good bacteria that produces Vitamin K
(clots blood)

68
Q

Rectum:

A

stores undigested solid waste

69
Q

Anus:

A

muscular opening at end of rectum

70
Q

Pepsin:

A

enzyme that breaks down protein.

71
Q

Mucus:

A

covers stomach wall which
protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in
stomach wall)

72
Q

HCL Acid:

A

chemical that breaks down solid
food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria

73
Q
A

7th grade science (9 decks)

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