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BMS08 > Body Fluids & Osmolarity > Flashcards

Body Fluids & Osmolarity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a 1M solution?

A

1 mole of a substance (MW in grams) per litre of solution

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2
Q

How much is a millimole compared to a mole?

A

10^-3 or 0.001 mole = 1 millimole

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3
Q

How much is a umol compared to a mole?

A

10^-6

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4
Q

How much is a nmol compared to a mole?

A

10^-9

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5
Q

How much is a pmol compared to a mole?

A

10^-12

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6
Q

How much is a fmol compared to a mole?

A

10^-15

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7
Q

What are pressures in medicine usually measured in?

A

mmHg

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8
Q

How many mmHg is 1kPa?

A

7.5

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9
Q

How many kPa is 1mmHg

A

0.133

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10
Q

How much of a typical person is water (%)?

A

60%

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11
Q

What are the three main fluid compartments?

A

Plasma

Intracellular

Interstitial

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12
Q

How much water is in the body of a typical person (L)?

A

42L

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13
Q

What is the water content of lean tissue?

A

0.71 L/kg (depends on fat)

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14
Q

What percentage of a typical person’s body weight is intracellular water?

A

40%

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15
Q

What percentage of a typical person’s body weight is interstitial water?

A

15%

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16
Q

What percentage of a typical person’s body weight is plasma water?

A

5%

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17
Q

What volume of water is found in intracellular space?

A

28L

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18
Q

What volume of water is found in interstitial space?

A

10.5L

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19
Q

What volume of water is found in plasma space?

A

3.5L

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20
Q

What fluid compartments make up the extracellular space?

A

Interstitial

Plasma

(Bone fluid)

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21
Q

What volume of water is found in extracellular space?

A

14L

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22
Q

What percentage of a typical person is blood volume?

A

8%

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23
Q

How do you calculate the amount of fluid in intracellular space?

A

Total body water - extracellular space

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24
Q

How do you calculate the amount of fluid in interstitial space?

A

Extracellular space - plasma space

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25
Q

What are the transcellular fluids?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

Aqueous and vitreous humours of eye

Synovial fluid

Amniotic fluid

GI secretions

Lymph

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26
Q

How do you measure an unknown volume?

A

Dilution method

Add a known amount of substance (S) to an unknown volume (V)

Measure the concentration of a thoroughly mixed sample

V = S/C

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27
Q

What substances are used to measure plasma volume and why?

A

Evans Blue, labelled inulin, albumin

Large so it will not leave capillaries

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28
Q

What substances are used to measure extracellular space and why?

A

24Na, sucrose

Must not enter cells easily

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29
Q

What substance is used to measure total body water and why?

A

3H2O

Distributes with all water

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30
Q

What are the constituents of body fluid other than water?

A

Ions/electrolytes

Proteins

Dissolved gases, nutrients and metabolites

Cells

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31
Q

What are the major ions in body fluids?

A

Na+

K+

Cl-

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32
Q

What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?

A

Osmolarity = mOsm/L

Osmolality = mOsm/kg

33
Q

What is osmolarity determined by?

A

Total number of freely diffusible entities in solution

34
Q

What is an osmole?

A

A mole of a substance in solution

35
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.022 x 10^23

36
Q

How many mOsm/L will 140mmol/L of NaCl produce?

A

280mOsm/L

37
Q

How many mOsm/L will 10mmol/L of CaCl2 produce?

A

30mOsm/L

38
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Osmolarity when fluids are separated by a semi-permeable membrane

39
Q

How much pressure does 1 osmole exert in 1 litre of solution?

A

> 17,000 mmHg

40
Q

What controls plasma volume?

A

Osmolarity of plasma

41
Q

What is the osmolarity of physiological fluids?

A

~300mOsm/L (>5000 mmHg)

42
Q

What controls cell volume?

A

Osmolarity of intracellular fluid

43
Q

What is an isotonic saline solution?

A

0.9% w/v NaCl

Same tonicity as plasma

44
Q

What creates crystalloid osmotic pressure?

A

Small diffusible ions

45
Q

Explain how crystalloid osmotic pressure differences are created

A

Membrane is largely impermeable to ions

Intra and extracellular osmolarity must be equal

Freely diffusible water moves across membrane to reach equilibrium

46
Q

Why is there no crystalloid osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls?

A

Ions can easily cross capillary walls

47
Q

What creates oncotic osmotic pressure?

A

Proteins

48
Q

What is another term for oncotic osmotic pressure?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

49
Q

How are oncotic osmotic pressure differences created?

A

Proteins too large to leave cells or cross capillary wall

So very little protein in interstitial space

Protein increases osmolarity so water moves into these compartments

50
Q

How much oncotic osmotic pressure is exerted by proteins in capillaries?

A

25 mmHg

51
Q

What usually balances oncotic osmotic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

52
Q

What are the plasma and intracellular concentrations of sodium ions?

A

Plasma = 140mmol/L

Intracellular = 10mmol/L

53
Q

What are the plasma and intracellular concentrations of potassium ions?

A

Plasma = 4mmol/L

Intracellular = (120-)140mmol/L

54
Q

What are the plasma and intracellular concentrations of calcium ions?

A

Plasma = 2mmol/L

Intracellular = 100nmol/L

55
Q

What is the plasma concentration of chloride ions?

A

110mmol/L

56
Q

What is the plasma concentration of bicarbonate ions?

A

24mmol/L

57
Q

What is the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood?

A

70g/L

58
Q

What is the concentration of albumin in the blood?

A

48g/L

59
Q

What is the concentration of alpha/beta/gamma globulins in the blood?

A

0.7-13g/L each

60
Q

What is the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood?

A

3g/L

61
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

Capillary fluid transport

Buffering

62
Q

What is the function of globulins?

A

Haemostasis

Immune system

Transport

63
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Haemostasis

64
Q

What is the haemocrit/PCV in males and females?

A

Males = 0.47

Females = 0.42

65
Q

What does PCV stand for?

A

Packed cell volume

66
Q

What is haemocrit?

A

Red blood cell volume

67
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell in the blood?

A

120 days

68
Q

What does haemoglobin do?

A

Carries oxygen

Buffers blood pH

69
Q

What is the typical red blood cell count in males and females?

A

Males = 5.5 x 10^12 /L

Females = 4.8 x10^12 /L

70
Q

What is the average value of the mean cell volume (rbc)?

A

85fl (femtolitres)

71
Q

What does a higher mean cell volume tell you?

A

Larger red blood cells

Decreased plasma osmolarity

72
Q

How many leukocytes are in the blood?

A

4-11 x 10^9 /L

73
Q

What important substances do basophils release?

A

Histamine

Heparin

74
Q

How many thrombocytes are in the blood?

A

150-400 x 10^9 /L

75
Q

What percentage of most tissues is water?

A

70-80%

76
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

93% with 7% plasma solids

77
Q

What percentage of fat is water?

A

10-15%

78
Q

What percentage of bone is water?

A

20%

79
Q

What condition is caused by plasma proteins reaching the tissue via damaged capillaries?

A

Oedema

BMS08 (7 decks)

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