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BMS08 > Anatomical Terminology & Concepts > Flashcards

Anatomical Terminology & Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Body standing erect

Toes pointing forward

Eyes directed toward horizon

Arms by the side

Palms facing forward

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2
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Vertical line that splits body into left and right

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3
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Vertical line that splits body into front and back

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4
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Horizontal line that splits body into superior and inferior

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5
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Towards median/sagittal plane

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6
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Away from sagittal plane

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7
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

Towards front of body

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8
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Towards back of body

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9
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Toward head

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10
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Toward soles of feet

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11
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Toward trunk

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12
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Away from trunk

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13
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Toward surface of body

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14
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Toward interior of body

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15
Q

What does internal mean?

A

Within a body cavity

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16
Q

What does external mean?

A

Outside a body cavity

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17
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side

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18
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On the opposite side

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19
Q

What does common mean?

A

There are two of this structure

20
Q

What do chondroblasts secrete?

A

Ground substance

Collagen

21
Q

How do chondrocytes get their nutrients?

A

Diffusion through ground substance

22
Q

What is much of the foetal skeleton preformed in?

A

Hyaline cartilage

23
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage in adults?

A

Articular surfaces in joints

24
Q

What are the functions of bone? (5)

A

Support

Movement (levers for bone)

Protection

Haematopoiesis

Mineral storage

25
Q

How is the skeleton classified by region?

A

Axial skeleton - skull, spine, rib cage

Appendicular skeleton - limbs, clavicle, pelvis, scapula

26
Q

What are the five types of bone?

A

Long bone (humerus)

Short bone (wrist bone, trapezoid)

Flat bone (sternum)

Irregular bone (vertebra)

Sesamoid bone (patella)

27
Q

What are the bone origin classifications?

A

Endochondral ossification

Intramembraneous ossification

28
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage precursor grows at ends

Bony collar forms around diaphysis

Cartilage calcifies

Blood vessels invade

Calcified cartilage is a framework for bone

29
Q

Where are the primary and secondary ossification centres in a long bone?

A

Primary = diaphysis

Secondary = epiphyses

30
Q

What is intramembraneous ossification?

A

No cartilage precursor

Develops straight from mesenchyme (mesenchymal cells lay down matrix)

Bone grows from edges

31
Q

What is the difference between compact and trabecular bone?

A

Compact is strong in compression

Trabecular is more flexible

32
Q

What is fascia?

A

Connective tissue framework of body

33
Q

Where is the superficial fascia?

A

Right below dermis

34
Q

What does superficial fascia contain?

A

Collagen

Elastic fibres

Varying fat

35
Q

What are the functions of superficial fascia? (4)

A

Store water and fat

Protection against mechanical shock

Conduct nerves and blood vessels to skin

Thermal insulation

36
Q

Where is deep fascia?

A

Surrounding organs and muscles

37
Q

How is the collagen arrangement different in deep fascia compared to superficial fascia?

A

Parallel/more organised in deep fascia hence deep fascia is denser

38
Q

What are the functions of deep fascia? (4)

A

Conducts blood vessels and nerves

Separates muscles (slide over each other)

Attach muscle to bone

Capsules around organs and glands

39
Q

What is the subserous fascia and where is it?

A

Loose connective tissue

Between deep fascia and serous membranes

40
Q

What are the three serous membranes?

A

Pleura

Pericardium

Peritoneum

41
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Thin, double-layered structures

Mesothelium supported by loose connective tissue

42
Q

Why is there fluid between serous membranes?

A

Minimised friction

43
Q

What is contained in the pleura?

A

Lungs

44
Q

What is contained in the pericardium?

A

Heart

45
Q

What is contained in the peritoneum?

A

Abdominal viscera

46
Q

Why do arteries close to the heart have elastic layers?

A

Allow expansion when heart contracts

47
Q

Why are there no valves in veins in the heavy/neck region?

A

Gravity pulls blood down (no back flow)

BMS08 (7 decks)

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