Anatomical Terminology & Concepts Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
Body standing erect
Toes pointing forward
Eyes directed toward horizon
Arms by the side
Palms facing forward
What is the sagittal plane?
Vertical line that splits body into left and right
What is the coronal plane?
Vertical line that splits body into front and back
What is a transverse plane?
Horizontal line that splits body into superior and inferior
What does medial mean?
Towards median/sagittal plane
What does lateral mean?
Away from sagittal plane
What does anterior mean?
Towards front of body
What does posterior mean?
Towards back of body
What does superior mean?
Toward head
What does inferior mean?
Toward soles of feet
What does proximal mean?
Toward trunk
What does distal mean?
Away from trunk
What does superficial mean?
Toward surface of body
What does deep mean?
Toward interior of body
What does internal mean?
Within a body cavity
What does external mean?
Outside a body cavity
What does ipsilateral mean?
On the same side
What does contralateral mean?
On the opposite side
What does common mean?
There are two of this structure
What do chondroblasts secrete?
Ground substance
Collagen
How do chondrocytes get their nutrients?
Diffusion through ground substance
What is much of the foetal skeleton preformed in?
Hyaline cartilage
Where is hyaline cartilage in adults?
Articular surfaces in joints
What are the functions of bone? (5)
Support
Movement (levers for bone)
Protection
Haematopoiesis
Mineral storage
How is the skeleton classified by region?
Axial skeleton - skull, spine, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton - limbs, clavicle, pelvis, scapula
What are the five types of bone?
Long bone (humerus)
Short bone (wrist bone, trapezoid)
Flat bone (sternum)
Irregular bone (vertebra)
Sesamoid bone (patella)
What are the bone origin classifications?
Endochondral ossification
Intramembraneous ossification
What is endochondral ossification?
Cartilage precursor grows at ends
Bony collar forms around diaphysis
Cartilage calcifies
Blood vessels invade
Calcified cartilage is a framework for bone
Where are the primary and secondary ossification centres in a long bone?
Primary = diaphysis
Secondary = epiphyses
What is intramembraneous ossification?
No cartilage precursor
Develops straight from mesenchyme (mesenchymal cells lay down matrix)
Bone grows from edges
What is the difference between compact and trabecular bone?
Compact is strong in compression
Trabecular is more flexible
What is fascia?
Connective tissue framework of body
Where is the superficial fascia?
Right below dermis
What does superficial fascia contain?
Collagen
Elastic fibres
Varying fat
What are the functions of superficial fascia? (4)
Store water and fat
Protection against mechanical shock
Conduct nerves and blood vessels to skin
Thermal insulation
Where is deep fascia?
Surrounding organs and muscles
How is the collagen arrangement different in deep fascia compared to superficial fascia?
Parallel/more organised in deep fascia hence deep fascia is denser
What are the functions of deep fascia? (4)
Conducts blood vessels and nerves
Separates muscles (slide over each other)
Attach muscle to bone
Capsules around organs and glands
What is the subserous fascia and where is it?
Loose connective tissue
Between deep fascia and serous membranes
What are the three serous membranes?
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
What are serous membranes?
Thin, double-layered structures
Mesothelium supported by loose connective tissue
Why is there fluid between serous membranes?
Minimised friction
What is contained in the pleura?
Lungs
What is contained in the pericardium?
Heart
What is contained in the peritoneum?
Abdominal viscera
Why do arteries close to the heart have elastic layers?
Allow expansion when heart contracts
Why are there no valves in veins in the heavy/neck region?
Gravity pulls blood down (no back flow)
