Anatomical Terminology & Concepts

Question 1

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 1

Body standing erect

Toes pointing forward

Eyes directed toward horizon

Arms by the side

Palms facing forward

Question 2

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 2

Vertical line that splits body into left and right

Question 3

What is the coronal plane?

Answer 3

Vertical line that splits body into front and back

Question 4

What is a transverse plane?

Answer 4

Horizontal line that splits body into superior and inferior

Question 5

What does medial mean?

Answer 5

Towards median/sagittal plane

Question 6

What does lateral mean?

Answer 6

Away from sagittal plane

Question 7

What does anterior mean?

Answer 7

Towards front of body

Question 8

What does posterior mean?

Answer 8

Towards back of body

Question 9

What does superior mean?

Answer 9

Toward head

Question 10

What does inferior mean?

Answer 10

Toward soles of feet

Question 11

What does proximal mean?

Answer 11

Toward trunk

Question 12

What does distal mean?

Answer 12

Away from trunk

Question 13

What does superficial mean?

Answer 13

Toward surface of body

Question 14

What does deep mean?

Answer 14

Toward interior of body

Question 15

What does internal mean?

Answer 15

Within a body cavity

Question 16

What does external mean?

Answer 16

Outside a body cavity

Question 17

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 17

On the same side

Question 18

What does contralateral mean?

Answer 18

On the opposite side

Question 19

What does common mean?

Answer 19

There are two of this structure

Question 20

What do chondroblasts secrete?

Answer 20

Ground substance

Collagen

Question 21

How do chondrocytes get their nutrients?

Answer 21

Diffusion through ground substance

Question 22

What is much of the foetal skeleton preformed in?

Answer 22

Hyaline cartilage

Question 23

Where is hyaline cartilage in adults?

Answer 23

Articular surfaces in joints

Question 24

What are the functions of bone? (5)

Answer 24

Support

Movement (levers for bone)

Protection

Haematopoiesis

Mineral storage

Question 25

How is the skeleton classified by region?

Answer 25

Axial skeleton - skull, spine, rib cage Appendicular skeleton - limbs, clavicle, pelvis, scapula

Question 26

What are the five types of bone?

Answer 26

Long bone (humerus) Short bone (wrist bone, trapezoid) Flat bone (sternum) Irregular bone (vertebra) Sesamoid bone (patella)

Question 27

What are the bone origin classifications?

Answer 27

Endochondral ossification Intramembraneous ossification

Question 28

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 28

Cartilage precursor grows at ends Bony collar forms around diaphysis Cartilage calcifies Blood vessels invade Calcified cartilage is a framework for bone

Question 29

Where are the primary and secondary ossification centres in a long bone?

Answer 29

Primary = diaphysis Secondary = epiphyses

Question 30

What is intramembraneous ossification?

Answer 30

No cartilage precursor Develops straight from mesenchyme (mesenchymal cells lay down matrix) Bone grows from edges

Question 31

What is the difference between compact and trabecular bone?

Answer 31

Compact is strong in compression Trabecular is more flexible

Question 32

What is fascia?

Answer 32

Connective tissue framework of body

Question 33

Where is the superficial fascia?

Answer 33

Right below dermis

Question 34

What does superficial fascia contain?

Answer 34

Collagen Elastic fibres Varying fat

Question 35

What are the functions of superficial fascia? (4)

Answer 35

Store water and fat Protection against mechanical shock Conduct nerves and blood vessels to skin Thermal insulation

Question 36

Where is deep fascia?

Answer 36

Surrounding organs and muscles

Question 37

How is the collagen arrangement different in deep fascia compared to superficial fascia?

Answer 37

Parallel/more organised in deep fascia hence deep fascia is denser

Question 38

What are the functions of deep fascia? (4)

Answer 38

Conducts blood vessels and nerves Separates muscles (slide over each other) Attach muscle to bone Capsules around organs and glands

Question 39

What is the subserous fascia and where is it?

Answer 39

Loose connective tissue Between deep fascia and serous membranes

Question 40

What are the three serous membranes?

Answer 40

Pleura Pericardium Peritoneum

Question 41

What are serous membranes?

Answer 41

Thin, double-layered structures Mesothelium supported by loose connective tissue

Question 42

Why is there fluid between serous membranes?

Answer 42

Minimised friction

Question 43

What is contained in the pleura?

Answer 43

Lungs

Question 44

What is contained in the pericardium?

Answer 44

Heart

Question 45

What is contained in the peritoneum?

Answer 45

Abdominal viscera

Question 46

Why do arteries close to the heart have elastic layers?

Answer 46

Allow expansion when heart contracts

Question 47

Why are there no valves in veins in the heavy/neck region?

Answer 47

Gravity pulls blood down (no back flow)