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MLT-MLS Spring 2022 > Body Fluids Exam 2 > Flashcards

Body Fluids Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This renal disease is caused by Group A Strep

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

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2
Q

In what renal disease are RBC casts a “defining” finding?

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

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3
Q

What is shown in these photos? What disease correlates with finding these in the sediment?

A
  • RBC casts
  • Acute Glomerulonephritis
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4
Q

How do RBCs differ from yeast in appearance?

A

Yeast typically has buds

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5
Q

Fatty urine is a sign of what renal disease?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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6
Q

This renal disease is a complication of other renal diseases or systemic shock

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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7
Q

In Nephrotic Syndrome, a loss in _____ ______ triggers fat production and fats then leak through and end up in the urine.

A

Serum protein

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8
Q

A diabetic patient is admitted with oliguria and swelling of the hands and ankles.
Their urine is yellow, turbid, and foamy.
Dipstick results are as follows: Protein is 4+, Blood is Moderate, Trace Glucose, Moderate LE.
Microscopic reveals 20-30 RBC/hpf, 25-30 WBC/hpf, Many RTEs, 0-2 fatty casts/lpf, and few oval fat bodies.

What is probable diagnosis?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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9
Q

What crystals might you see in a patient with nephrotic syndrome?

A

Cholesteral crystals

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10
Q

This renal disease is typicall due to severe infection but can also result because of shock or toxins.

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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11
Q

In what renal disease might you see RTE casts?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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12
Q

This urinary tract infection my have WBC casts seen in the microscopic. Dipstick results would include LE+ and Nitrite +/-.

A

Pyelonephritis

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13
Q

This UTI is considered a lower UTI. You will NOT see WBC casts. LE+, Nitrite +/-, bacteria, protein and some blood are all possibilities.

A

Cystitis

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14
Q

This renal disease can be either acute or chronic. Possible casts seen in microscopic include: RTE, granular, waxy, and broad. Symptoms include: acid-base imbalances, increased urea (possible cause of psychosis), and decreased erythropoietin (causing anemia).

A

Renal failure

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15
Q

If the kidneys are unable to excrete acids, this can occur.

A

Renal tubular acidosis

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16
Q

In renal tubular acidosis, _______ pH is low while _______ pH is high.

A

Blood pH is low while urine pH is high

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17
Q

What is performed on infants 3-5 days after birth?

A

Newborn Screening Tests

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18
Q

What are the newborn screening tests looking for?

A
  • Errors in metabolism
  • Endocrinopathies
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Hemoglobinopathies
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19
Q

What microorganism is sometimes the cause of glomerulonephritis in children?

A

Group A strep

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20
Q

When red cells are allowed to sit in a hypotonic environment, what can happen to them?

A

Ghost cells

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21
Q

If red cells are allowed to sit in a hypertonic environment, what can happen to them?

A

Crenation

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22
Q

Normal range for RBCs in a urine microscopic

A

< 2/hpf

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23
Q

Normal range of WBCs in a urine microscopic

A

0-5/hpf

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24
Q

What is the typical WBC seen in urine?

A

Segmented neutrophils

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25
When are lymphocytes seen in urine?
Inflammation due to kidney rejection
26
Term for presence of WBCs in urine
Pyuria
27
Term for inflammation of the bladder
Cystitis
28
Term for inflammation of the urethra
Urethritis
29
Term for kidney infection
Pyelonephritis
30
When WBCs are allowed to sit in a hypotonic environment, what can happen?
Glitter cells
31
What would you expect the pH to be (acidic or alkaline) if both bacteria and WBCs are present in the urine?
Alkaline
32
These are considered a vaginal contaminant and typically indicative of bacterial vaginosis due to Gardnerella vaginalis
Clue cells
33
These epithelial cells are associated with the lower urinary tract
Squamous epithelial
34
What epithelial cells are associated with bladder and ureters?
Transitional epithelials
35
These epithelials are typically seen with bladder infections and catheterized urine.
Transitional epithelials
36
These epithelials are associated with the kidneys. Seeing \>2/hpf is considered significant
Renal tubular epithelials
37
What phenomenon occurs when WBCs are allowed to sit in a hypotonic urine?
Glitter cells
38
These epithelials typically have a central nucleus and may be pear shaped or caudated
Transitional epithelials
39
What renal disease are oval fat bodies typically associated with?
Nephrotic syndrome
40
What stains are used for oval fat bodies?
Sudan or Oil Red O
41
What could cause a positive nitrite with negative LE?
Improper specimen storage
42
What would cause a positive nitrite and positive LE?
Infection
43
What is the protein matrix made up of in casts?
Tamm-Horsfall
44
This type of cast can be caused due to dehydration, exercise, stress, or fever. It is the least significant cast.
Hyaline cast
45
This cast is always significant when seen and may be seen because of infections, malignancies, HUS, or SLE.
Red blood cell cast
46
This cast type is seen with lower UTIs and pyelonephritis.
White blood cell cast
47
This cast is a sign of advanced tubular necrosis.
Epithelial cell cast
48
This cast occurs due to nephrotic syndrome, crush injuries, or diabetes. You may see oval fat bodies and cholesterol crystals with it.
Fatty cast
49
This cast is seen with exercise, stress, fever, or dehydration. It is caused by a variety of renal diseases.
Granular cast
50
What cast indicates extreme urine stasis, renal failure, or chronic renal disease?
Waxy cast
51
What cast forms in the collecting ducts?
Broad cast
52
What are the normal crystals found in acidic urine?
- Amorphous urates - Uric acid - Calcium oxalate
53
These crystals precipitate upon cooling and dissolve by warming
Amorphous urates
54
This crystal type is seen in patients with gout or chemotherapy patients
Uric acid
55
Crystals: Small square envelopes
Calcium oxalate
56
The oval form of this crystal is found in patients with ethylene glycol poisoning
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
57
What are the normal crystals found in alkaline urine? (5)
- Amorphous phosphate - Triple phosphate - Calcium phosphate - Ammonium biurate - Calcium carbonate
58
These crystals are found in alkaline urine and will not dissolve upon warming.
Amorphous phosphates
59
Crystals: Look like coffin lids and are often seen in UTIs
Triple phosphates
60
Crystals: Prisms or rosettes "Shards of glass"
Calcium phosphates
61
Crystals: "Thorny apples" found in old urine or UTIs that are brownish in color
Ammonium biurate
62
Crystals: Small dumbells found in alkaline urine
Calcium carbonate
63
What are the abnormal crystals found in urine? (7)
- Cystine - Tyrosine - Leucine - Bilirubin - Cholesterol - Radiographic dye - Drugs
64
Crystals: - "Stop signs" - Due to a reabsorption defect - Causes kidney stones at a young age
Cystine
65
Crystals: - Brown to black fine needles - Caused by severe liver disease in adults - Caused by impaired amino acid metabolism in children
Tyrosine
66
Crystals: - "Wagon wheel" - Due to sever liver disease in adults - Maple syrup urine disease in children
Leucine
67
Crystals: -Icteric needles caused by hepatitis and other liver diseases
Bilirubin crystals
68
Crystals: - Notched corners - Seen with nephrotic syndrome
Cholesterol crystals
69
Crystals: - Resemble tyrosine crystals but are thicker. - Concerned with dehydration
Radiographic dye crystals
70
Crystals: - Can be caused by antibiotics or sulfa drugs - Can damage tubules - Check patient hydration
-Drug crystals
71
Crystals: - pH of 5.5 - Dissolved after being warmed
Amorphous urates
72
Crystals: - acidic pH - Gout and chemo patients
Uric acid
73
Crystals: -acidic to neutral pH
Calcium oxalate
74
Crystals: -Ethylene glycol poisoning
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
75
Crystals: - Alkaline pH - Remains after warming sample
Amorphous phosphates
76
Crystals: - Often seen in UTIs - Alkaline pH
Triple phosphates
77
Crystals: "Shards of glass" -Prisms or rosettes
Calcium phosphates
78
Crystals: "thorny apples" seen in old urine and UTIs
Ammonium biurate
79
Crystals: -Small dumbbells
Calcium carbonate
80
Crystals: -Can cause kidney stones at a young age
Cystine
81
Crystals: - Severe liver disease in adults - Impaired amino acid metabolism in chilren
Tyrosine
82
Crystals: - Maple syrup disease in children - Severe liver disease in adults
Leucine
83
Crystals: Dipstick: bilirubin +
Bilirubin crystals
84
Crystals: - Nephrotic syndrome - notched corners
Cholesterol crystals
85
Crystals: - Concerned for patient dehydration - High SG with refractometer
Radiographic dye crystals
86
Crystals: - Antibiotics or sulfa drugs - Can damage tubules
Drug crystals
87
Term: Decreased urination
Oliguria
88
Term: Increased urination
Polyuria
89
Term: No urination
Anuria
90
Term: Increased urination at night
Nocturia
91
Term: Painful urination
Dysuria
92
Term: WBCs in urine
Pyuria
93
With diabetes insipidus, _______ causes an increase in plasma osmolality.
Sodium
94
With diabetes mellitus, _______ is causing an increase in plasma osmolality.
Glucose
95
In diabetes mellitus, there is a decreased production or function of what?
Insulin
96
In diabetes insipidus, there is a decreased production or function of what?
Anti-diuretic Hormone aka Vasopressin
97
SG Diabetes: Diabetes insipidus has a _____ SG, Diabetes mellitus has a _____ SG.
Insipidus: Low SG Mellitus: High SG
98

MLT-MLS Spring 2022 (14 decks)

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