board prep 1 Flashcards
Williams
Elfin
Elastin
Deletion on 7 @ q11.23
superglue. What’s in the urine?
Hippuric acid
metabolized from toluene
viral meningitis findings
elevated protein levels (usually not over 150 mg/dL), clear color, opening pressure that is normal or elevated, glucose levels that are normal or slightly low, and WBC counts elevated to between 10-250/mm3 with majority being lymphocytes.
brain in gambling disorder
The ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, including the medial portion of the orbitofrontal cortex is implicated in stimulating urges in patients with pathological gambling.
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in reward processing and impulse control, while ventral striatum is involved in dopaminergic innervation.
The angular cingulate cortex is implicated in cognitive control in patients with pathological gambling.
The hippocampus is related to behavioral inhibition in patients with pathological gambling disorder. Hippocampal volumes are often decreased in such patients, which is likely related to an inability to control ones behavior.
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation is implicated in patients with pathological gambling exposed to gambling cues.
Alteration in the amygdala of patients with pathological gambling disorder is associated with risky decision-making.
med to manage MAO hypertensive crisis
nicardipine
med to manage thyroid storm
propranolol
med to manage adrenal crisis
betamethasone
MOA of Valproate
increases synaptic levels of GABA by blocking GABA transaminase. T
MOA of Carbamazepine, phenytoin and lamotrigine
block voltage-gated sodium channels
MOA of lithium
inhibits inositol monophosphatase
med that increases concentration of VPA
acetylsalicilic acid (aspirin)
Essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
tricyclics AE
constipation
LSD receptor
5-hydroxytryptamine is also known as 5-HT and serotonin. LSD is a drug of abuse with powerful serotonergic agonist effects.
brain changes seen in bipolar
Increased volume of the ventral striatum
brain region - auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
Arcuate fasciculus - forms part of an association tract that connects Broca’s area located in the frontal region of left cerebral hemisphere and Wernicke’s areas located in the temporal region of the left cerebral hemisphere.
mammillary bodies
a part of the diencephalon and is associated with the limbic system. Mammillary bodies are involved in the formation of new memories and are typically damaged in chronic alcoholics due to thiamine deficiency associated with Korsakoff syndrome.
angular gyrus
located in the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobe and is associated with verbal working memory, particularly during the retrieval of verbal material.
boahypothalamus
particularly important for maintaining homeostasis using the autonomic and endocrine systems
globus pallidus
part of the basal ganglia and is associated with the regulation of voluntary movements at the subconscious level.
operant conditioning
involves reward and punishment to enforce a certain type of behavior,
also called instrumental learning
classical conditioning
unconditioned response (life-threatening event) is coupled with a conditioned response (driving, and the area of the accident.) Despite the conditioned response not directly being dangerous, since it is paired with a scary unconditioned response, the mind does not differentiate between the two and now will avoid the conditioned response as much as the unconditioned response. It is also known as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. It is a sort of learning process which pairs stimuli.
Rett Syndrome
seen only in females (males die)
MeCP2 mutation
most common genetic causes of autism
Fragile X
Tuberous sclerosis
Rett syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
seizures
ID
hamartomas (hypomelanotic spots, ash leaf e.g.)
genetic autosomal dominant
test for Fragile X syndrome
FMR-1 DNA test
meds for tics in ASD
guanfacine, clonidine
luvox metabolism
P450 1A2 (as well as 2D6) and the serum level would rise with the addition of an inhibitor of this enzyme such as ciprofloxacin.
which assessment tool for HIV dementia?
Which of the following assessment tools has the best sensitivity in detecting mild neurocognitive disorder due to HIV/AIDS?
Which structure divides the hindbrain into the myelencephalon and metencephalon?
pontine flexure
drug contraindicated in severe renal disease
acamprosate
dementia characterized by fluctuations in mental status, prominent visual hallucinations, and extrapyramidal motor symptoms– such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and, less often, a resting tremor.
lewy bodies
Behavioral changes and language impairments are more prominent symptoms associated with what dementia
FTD
other specified
patient’s symptoms do not fully meet the criteria of any disorders
Cognitive Processing Therapy
targets change in maladaptive thought patterns and perceptions regarding the trauma to reduce feelings of guilt, shame, and remorse. It has been indicated as first-line psychotherapy for PTSD and is proven to be as efficacious as other first-line therapies.
reinforcement
Positive reinforcement adds a positive stimulus to sustain/increase behavior, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant/aversive stimulus to sustain/increase behavior.
alpha 2 adrenergic receptor blocker indicated in major depressive disorder
mirtazapine
comorbid with tourettes
OCD
pathophysiology of tourettes
a circuit that starts and ends at cortico
atomoxetine MOA
SNRI
viloxazine
Qelbree
SN modulating agent
treatment for caffeine intoxication
Hemofiltration and hemodialysis
firstline meds for fibromyalgia
SNRIs (milnacipran and duloxetine) and pregabalin.
age kids can sit up
6 months
hyperventilation syndrome
caused by excessive breathing beyond the metabolic requirement. It is characterized by palpitations, arrhythmias, chest pain, paraesthesia to extremities or face, tetany, carpopedal spasm, fear of dying, hallucinations, fatigue, excessive sweating, and dry mouth. It can be caused due to prolonged anxiety, or it can be caused by organic causes like kidney failure.
brain areas impacted by HIV
basal ganglia and hippocampus
(sub-cortical dementia)
GAD requires how long?
6 months
areas of the brain and memory
hippocampal damage –> anterograde amnesea
thalamic damage –> retrograde amensia
Lithium and Haldol combo AE
encephalopathic syndrome
hoarding brain region
Anterior cingulate cortex
