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z human diseases > bnf dental formulary > Flashcards

bnf dental formulary Flashcards

1
Q

acyclorvir cream

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Stops the viral replication cycle, useful in the early stages of infection

Uses: Recurrent Herpes Labialis or severe Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

Side effect: Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhoea

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, Renal failure,

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2
Q

amoxicillin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Inhibits the formation of the bacterial cell wall during replication (beta lactam) and is broad spectrum. Can be inhibited if bacteria produce beta lactamases (antibiotic resistance).
Uses: Odontogenic infections

Side effect: Nausea, Vomiting, Stomach pain, Rash and Diarrhoea

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, alters warfarin metabolism (check INR)

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3
Q

artificial saliva

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:
example:
A

Method of Action: Increase saliva flow, lower risk of tooth decay and freshens breath

Uses: People suffering from xerostomia due to reasons such as previous radiotherapy, medication or Sjogren’s syndrome
Side effect:

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity,

Example: Biotene

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4
Q

aspirin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Inhibits the cyclo-oxygenase 2 enzyme leading to reduced proinflammatory cytokine production so reduced inflammatory response

Uses: Prescribed as analgesia following invasive dental procedures such as XLA

Side effect: Hypersensitivity, anticoagulant effect,

Contraindications: Not to be used in under 16s due to Reye’s syndrome (hepatic encephalopathy), don’t prescribe to people already on an antithrombic drug, don’t prescribe to people taking NSAIDs, people on an anticoagulant

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5
Q

azithromycin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosome

Uses: Antibiotic for treating dental infections, third line of defence

Side effect: Diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, liver or kidney parafunction, heart irregularities, myasthenia gravis and diabetes (contains sugar)

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6
Q

beclomethasone

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: An aerosol corticosteroid

Uses: Anti-inflammatory treatment of mucosal inflammation and ulceration, can be used for lichen planus and other orally presenting autoimmune diseases

Side effect: Increased risk of oral candida, dry mouth, tunnel vision

Contraindications: People with active TB, decreased adrenal gland function, interactions with warfarin

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7
Q

benzydamine hydrochloride

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: An NSAID mouthwash, so blocks COX2 to reduce pain and inflammation

Uses: Sore throat, oral inflammation and ulceration

Side effect: Numbness in mouth or throat, dry mouth and cough

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, people who take NSAIDs and people who are unable to swallow

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8
Q

betamethasone

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: A corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory effects

Uses: Treatment of oral inflammatory skin conditions such as ulceration

Side effect: Dry mouth, exogenous cushings syndrome and burning mouth syndrome

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, untreated serious infection and people taking NSAIDs (gastric ulceration will be unable to heal)

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9
Q

carbamazepine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Causes reuptake of Na+ by neurones leading to a reduction in neurogenic pain

Uses: Trigeminal neuralgia and other oral neuropathies

Side effect: Nausea, dry mouth, visual disturbances and thrombocytopenia

Contraindications: Caution in pregnancy as it is teratogenic

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10
Q

cefalexin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (beta lactam) and is broad spectrum (a cephalosporin)

Uses: Odontogenic infections

Side effect: Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and diarrhoea

Contraindications: Galactose intolerance and hypersensitivity

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11
Q

cefradine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (beta lactam) and is broad spectrum (a cephalosporin)

Uses: Odontogenic infections

Side effect: Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and diarrhoea

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity

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12
Q

chlorhexidine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Bacteriostatic and bactericidal, disrupts the cell membrane leading to osmotic lysis. Has the property of substantivity – has a negative charge so is able to stay in the oral cavity for longer.

Uses: Debridement of pericoronitis, a chemical antiplaque to and periodontal disease treatment

Side effect: Browning of teeth, dry mouth

Contraindications: Breast feeding and hypersensitivity

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13
Q

chlorphenamine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: An antihistamine so blocks histamine receptor, reducing the severity of an inflammatory response

Uses: Allergic reaction or anaphylaxis in the dental chair

Side effect: Dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision and nervousness

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity

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14
Q

choline salicylate

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: A topical COX-2 inhibitor related to aspirin

Uses: Oral and perioral inflammatory lesions such as recurrent apathous stomatitis

Side effect: Vomiting, peptic ulceration, haematopoiesis, oral burns due to low pH and tinnitus

Contraindications: Children under 16 due to Reye’s syndrome

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15
Q

clarithromycin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Uses: Odontogenic infections

Side effect: Gastrointestinal problems, diarrhoea, vomiting and rash

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, hypokalaemia, rapid heart beat

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16
Q

clindamycin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Uses: Odontogenic infections, prophylaxis when placing implants,

Side effect: Gastrointestinal problems, diarrhoea, vomiting and rash

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, hypokalaemia, rapid heart beat, Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis

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17
Q

co-amoxiclav

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: A beta lactam antibiotic so prevents bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis, a mixture of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid so is able to evade beta lactamases

Uses: Odontogenic infection

Side effect: Diarrhoea, tooth staining and nausea

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, people with amoxicillin-clavulanate-associated jaundice/hepatic dysfunction.

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18
Q

diazepam

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: A sedative/muscle relaxant that increases GABA levels in the brain

Uses: An emergency medication if someone is having an epileptic seizure

Side effect: Drowsiness, fatigue, ataxia, tremor and dizziness

Contraindications: Respiratory weakness, myasthenia gravis

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19
Q

diclofenac

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: A NSAID that inhibits the COX2 enzyme, leading to pain relief and reduced inflammation

Uses: Post op analgesic following invasive treatments such as XLA

Side effect: Indigestion, stomach pain and diarrhoea

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, third trimester pregnancy, taking another NSAID and active gastrointestinal ulceration

20
Q

dihydrocodeine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: A weak opioid so binds to opioid receptors in the CNS causing neural depression

Uses: Post op analgesic following invasive treatments such as XLA

Side effect: Nausea, constipation and dry mouth

Contraindications: Any condition that causes diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease

21
Q

doxycycline

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Uses: Odontogenic infections, sinusitis, given prophylactically following reimplantation of avulsed tooth, antibiotic treatment of periodontal disease, oroantral fistula presence, can break open the capsule and add to water as a mouthwash to treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Side effect: Nausea, diarrhoea, hives and tetracycline staining (in people with developing teeth)

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, previous antibiotic colitis, liver or kidney disease and people who still have developing teeth to prevent staining

22
Q

ephedrine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

nasal drops

Method of Action: A nasal decongestant that reduces swelling and constricting blood vessels in the nose

Uses: To allow decongestion in people with OACs so they don’t need to blow their nose

Side effect: Nervousness, dry mouth, dizziness and headache

Contraindications: MAO inhibitor therapy

23
Q

erythromycin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Uses: Odontogenic infections

Side effect: Gastric ulceration, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhoea

Contraindications: People suffering from diarrhoea, myasthenia gravis and hypersensitivity

24
Q

fluconazole

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: An azole antifungal which disrupts ergosterol in the fungal cell wall, preventing wall synthesis (systemic)

Uses: Oral candidiasis

Side effect: Headache, nausea, vomiting and rash (especially in immunocompromised patients)

Contraindications: Alters warfarin metabolism, pregnancy, interaction with statins

25
Q

hydrocortisone

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: A corticosteroid which reduces inflammation

Uses: Inflammatory oral lesions such as lichen planus or steroid cover

Side effect: Headache, dizziness and fatigue

Contraindications: Hypothyroidism, diabetes, cushings syndrome, hypokalaemia and pheochromocytoma

26
Q

H2O2 (6%)

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: An oxidising agent that produces fee radicals, removing staining molecules from the teeth

Uses: Tooth bleaching

Side effect: Sensitivity, gingival irritation

Contraindications: People who suffer from dental hypersensitivity, pregnancy, active dental decay.

27
Q

ibuprofen

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: An NSAID which acts by selective COX2 inhibition causing analgesia and reduction in inflammation

Uses: Analgesia and inflammation reduction following invasive dental treatment such as XLA

Side effect: Bloating, diarrhoea, nausea and rash

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, taking another NSAID or active GI ulceration

28
Q

lansoprazole

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: Block the gastric Na+/K+ pump (proton pump) of the parietal cells of the stomach lowering stomach acid production

Uses: GORD or peptic/duodenal ulceration

Side effect: Bloating, Diarrhoea and Stomach Cramps

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity

29
Q

lidocaine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: Blocks neuronal Na+ channels preventing pain sensation

Uses: Anaesthesia for dental treatment

Side effect: Low blood pressure, erythema at site of injection, constipation, red spots on skin and swelling

Contraindications: ADR to amide local anaesthetics (CAINE)

30
Q

loratadine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: An antihistamine that blocks the histamine receptor leading to reduced inflammation

Uses: Emergency treatment of a mild allergic reaction

Side effect: Drowsiness, dry mouth and eyes, stomach pain and headache

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to an antihistamine

31
Q

menthol and eucalyptus

method of action:
uses:
side effects:

A

Method of Action: Nasal decongestant that is inhaled with steam

Uses: Sinusitis

Side effect: Epigastric burning, CNS depression and abdominal pain

32
Q

metronidazole

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis of ONLY strict anaerobes

Uses: Odontogenic infection, necrotising gingivitis/periodontitis, pericoronitis

Side effect: Rash, diarrhoea, stomach pain, nausea and black hairy tongue

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, alcohol (Disulfiram effect) and affects warfarin metabolism

Disulfiram effect – inhibits certain enzymes so alcohol is partially metabolised to acetaldehyde rather than H2O and CO2, acetaldehyde enters the blood causing nausea

33
Q

nystatin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: An antifungal that binds to the fungal cell membrane with a fungicidal action, better than azole antifungals such as fluconazole in pregnancy (topical)

Uses: Pseudomembranous Candidiasis treatment (particularly in pregnant patients)

Side effect: Mouth soreness, hives, skin irritation and nausea

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, interaction with statin

34
Q

omeprazole

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: Block the gastric Na+/K+ pump (proton pump) of the parietal cells of the stomach lowering stomach acid production

Uses: GORD or peptic/duodenal ulceration

Side effect: Bloating, Diarrhoea and Stomach Cramps

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity

35
Q

oxytetracycline

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications

A

Method of Action: Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Uses: Odontogenic infections

Side effect: Nausea, diarrhoea, hives and tetracycline staining (in people with developing teeth)

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, previous antibiotic colitis, liver or kidney disease and people who still have developing teeth to prevent staining

36
Q

paracetamol

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:
max dose:
A

Method of Action: A mild analgesic that inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism leading to reduced production of prostaglandin, a pro-inflammatory molecule

Uses: Analgesia following invasive dental treatments

Side effect: Minimal side effects unless overdose – fever, nausea, rash, jaundice and clay coloured stools

Contraindications: Renal or hepatic failure

Maximum dose: 4g (8 tablets) in 24h

37
Q

phenoxymethylpenicillin

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Inhibits the formation of the bacterial cell wall during replication (beta lactam) and is broad spectrum. Can be inhibited if bacteria produce beta lactamases (antibiotic resistance).

Uses: Odontogenic infections

Side effect: Nausea, Vomiting, Stomach pain, Rash and Diarrhoea

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity

38
Q

promethazine

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: An antihistamine which blocks the histamine receptors leading to a reduced inflammatory response, also leading to a sedative response

Uses: IV sedation in dentistry

Side effect: Blurred vision, ringing in ears, tiredness and blurred vision

Contraindications: Decreased bone marrow function (anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia)

39
Q

saliva stimulating tablets

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
considerations:

A

Method of Action: Fruit acid tablets that stimulate salivation

Uses: Xerostomia

Side effect: Allergic reaction, erosion due to low pH

Don’t eat 15 minutes after using

40
Q

sodium chloride

method of action:
uses:

A

Method of Action: Saline, has a high water potential so bacteria are killed by osmotic lysis

Uses: Flushing dry socket and pericoronitis

41
Q

sodium fluoride

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
considerations:

A

Method of Action: Aids remineralisation of enamel to form fluorapatite and is bacteriostatic

Uses: Prevention of caries

Side effect: Fluorosis if in concentrations greater than 2ppm

Can be prescribed in toothpaste form – 2880 or 5000ppm

42
Q

sodium fusidate

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Uses: Odontogenic infections and osteomyelitis

Side effect: Easy bruising or bleeding

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity

43
Q

temazepam

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: A sedative/muscle relaxant that increases GABA levels in the brain

Uses: Oral dental sedation

Side effect: Drowsiness, fatigue, ataxia, tremor and dizziness

Contraindications: Respiratory weakness, myasthenia gravis

44
Q

tetracycline

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Uses: Odontogenic infections, sinusitis, given prophylactically following reimplantation of avulsed tooth, antibiotic treatment of periodontal disease, oroantral fistula presence

Side effect: Nausea, diarrhoea, hives and tetracycline staining (in people with developing teeth)

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, previous antibiotic colitis, liver or kidney disease and people who still have developing teeth to prevent staining, taking in pregnancy can lead to tetracycline staining

45
Q

miconazole

method of action:
uses:
side effects:
contraindications:

A

Method of Action: Inhibits formation of fungal cell membranes (topical)

Uses: Oral Candidiasis

Side effect: Burning, stinging, sensitivity, tenderness and flaking/sloughing

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, interactions with statins, increases effect of warfarin

z human diseases (10 decks)

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