BM - Sexual behaviour and health Flashcards
What are the main BACTERIAL sexual health diseases?
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
Syphillis
What are the main VIRAL sexual health diseases?
Hep B/A/C/E/D
Herpes simplex
HIV
HPV
What are the main FUNGAL sexual health diseases?
Candidiasis
What are the main PARASITIC sexual health diseases?
Crab louse
Scabies
What are the main PROTOZOAL sexual health diseases?
Trichomoniasis
How can pregnancy be a sexual health issue?
Teen pregnancy
Unwanted pregnancy
Abortion
Domestic violence
Abortion
Legal to 24 weeks
Free therapy after in the UK
Psychological impacts
Some people use abortion as a method of contraception
Domestic violence
90% of all violent acts worldwide by men
Inside the home however, a man is less likely to be attached by his partner than a woman is
90+ shelters for women in the UK, 0 for men
same for helplines
women are more likely to sustain injury than men - smaller, weaker
- Life time prevalence 7% men, 20% women (Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000)
- However, other reports suggest equal rates o violence in the home towards both sexes ie male on female and female on male (Tolan et al 2006). However Tolan cautions us to be careful because much of the early research was based on domestic violence shelters and hospital admissions. While this highlighted the often horrific consequences of male on female violence it missed much female on male violence because it is traditionally hidden.
- Archer (2000) sex differences in aggression in cohabiting/married couples?
• Sex differences in reporting?
• Stets and Straus (1990)
Reasons??
What are some stats on sexual health and experiences?
Earlier first intercourse related to negative health outcomes (Abma et al 1998, Fickson et al 1998, Wight et al 2000)
~9M STIs found in US population between 15-24 each year (Rangel et al 2006, Weinstock et al 2004)
750,000 teen pregnancies each year in the US
9% females and 10% males report first sexual experience before 15 y.o - report suggests school sex ed increases first time protection use (Mueller et al 2007)
US college students (mean age 22) average number of sexual partners in women 5 and men 13 - but widely accepted that men overestimate and men overestimate (Jonason and Fisher 2009)
–> men use prostitutes more, more social constraints on women than men, prestige vs dishonour
Why have there been changes in anal sex?
% has increased in the last 20 years (now 24%, was 6%)
Media changes
Talked about more, normalised and tried
now that almost anything is available immediately online, more obscure things are normalised, desensitised and tried
STIs more likely to be transmitted through anal sex - no mucus produced so condom more likely to break, and more likely to cause tearing and bleeding
What have the changes been in puberty?
Age of onset has decreased over the last 20 years.
Better nutrition and may be partly due to external stimuli
Worrying that people are having earlier sexual experiences, the more negative outcomes you’ll have.
Why the differences in STI prevalence in men and women?
Women more likely to get STIs and have worse consequences - e.g. infertility.
These factors could lead to the development of social constraints.
Multiple entry points for women as opposed to men - men’s biology evolved as urine leaves same place where biological agents may enter so this can flush them out
What are the differences in what men and women look for in sexual partners?
Makes sense for a 21st century woman to be more cautious in terms of protection and in choosing a partner.
(David Buss) - asked on what basis do people select a partner?
Number one was beauty for men, and women looked for status and power.
Men are looking for someone who will produce good children, women are looking for someone who can support, protect them while they look after their child and look after their child.
What are the differences in transmission routes for STIs?
Oral slightly less risky than vaginal/anal - but mostly can still be transmitted
Up to 1/3 of sperm done try to fertilise an egg. They remain behind to attack any other male sperm they may encounter, so that to make sure that that mans sperm will fertilise the egg and not someone else - sperm protect the woman while he’s not there!
Treatment and prevention of STIs
Antibiotics relatively recent.
With the development of new treatments people are less scared of getting diseases and so behaviour has become more risky.
Whole health service geared towards treatment. Wait until people are ill and then treat them. Need to work on prevention.
In countries where prostitution etc is legal have to be regularly tested, pay tax, cant have long fingernails (bleeding and also condoms) - prevention methods.
