Blunt And Penetrating Flashcards
What is worse? Blunt or penetrating trauma?
Blunt
What is the most common cause of trauma death and disability?
Blunt trauma
Double weight = _______ energy
Quadruple
What occurs in blunt injury?
Tearing of muscle, vessels, and bone
Rupture of solid organs
Organ injury
What are the two types of impacts that happen the most?
Frontal and lateral
What type of fracture occurs in an up and over impact?
Bilateral femur
What injuries can be sustained from lateral impact?
Spleen fracture, ruptured diaphragm
Which wave in a blast creates structural collapse and blast wind?
Pressure wave
Which phase of a blast contains trauma caused by projectiles?
Secondary
What fall height meets the criteria for adult trauma?
Greater than 20 ft
What is compartment syndrome?
Any condition in which a structure such as a nerve or tendon is being constricted in a space
What is a crush syndrome?
The result of prolonged continuous pressure on a large muscle - muscle disintegrates
What is the criteria protocol for a crush injury?
Compression of injuries of limbs/torso for one hour or more
What is the protocol for crush injuries if entrapment is less than 1 hour?
NS IV titrated to keep BP greater than 90
What is the protocol for a crush injury if entrapment is greater than 1 hour?
NS IV run at 1000 ml/hr
Add 59 MEQ sodium bicarbonate to even liters of IV fluids (2nd, 4th, etc)
What weapons are examples of low energy/low velocity?
Knives and arrows
What causes trajectory?
Velocity
The ______ the object, the straighter the trajectory.
Faster
____ is wind resistance.
Drag
What is cavitation?
Formation of a partial vacuum and cavity within a semi-fluid medium
What is a profile?
Size and shape of a projectile as it contacts a target
The larger the profile, the_____ the energy exchange.
Greater
How can bullet length affect tumbling?
Longer bullet, increase of tumbling
Powder burns indicate wound is a?
Entrance wound
When should impaled objects be removed?
When in mouth or if object interferes with CPR
What is the critical trauma criteria?
Persistent AMS or CGS less than 14
MVC (death of another occupant in vehicle, ejection, intrusion greater than 12 inches)
Fall greater than 20 ft
Fractures (two or more proximal long bones; flail chest; pelvic; skull)
How can bullet length affect tumbling?
Longer bullet, increase of tumbling
Powder burns indicate wound is a?
Entrance wound
When should impaled objects be removed?
When in mouth or if object interferes with CPR
What is the critical trauma criteria?
Persistent AMS or CGS less than 14
MVC (death of another occupant in vehicle, ejection, intrusion greater than 12 inches)
Fall greater than 20 ft
Fractures (two or more proximal long bones; flail chest; pelvic; skull)
The force developed in a vehicle collision depends on?
The velocity of travel and the stopping distance
What are air bags also known as?
Supplemental restraint systems
Air bags are extremely effective in what type of collision?
Frontal
What is an evisceration?
An organ protruding through the abdomen
What are the mesentary vessels?
Vessels that provide blood for the intestines
How should a completely amputated body part be cared for?
Wrap in a dry sterile dressing and place in a plastic bag
How should a partial amputation be treated?
Immobilize with bulky dressings and splint
In more rural areas, anticipate a greater percentage of ______ impacts with corresponding reductions in other categories.
Frontal
Possible bilateral fractures, hollow organ rupture and liver laceration is seen with which type of impact pathway?
Up-and-over
What is axial loading?
Application of the forces of trauma along the axis of the spine; this often results in compression fractures of the spine
In which impact pathway is axial loading seen?
Up-and-over
Lower limb dislocations, flail chest, myocardial contusions, and aortic tears are commonly seen with which type of impact pathway?
Down and under
Which impact pathway is responsible for about 27 percent of vehicular fatalities?
Ejection
Maintain a higher index of suspicion of serious injury when assessing ______ impact collisions because the degree of injury may be greater than the damage alone would indicate.
Lateral
In a _____ impact, an occupants stopping distance is much greater, deceleration is more gradual, and injuries are generally less serious.
Rotational
What does intrusion from an impact indicate?
The presence of forces greater than those that could be absorbed by the crumple zone
What is an oxidizer?
An agent that enhances combustion of a fuel
The lethal range for a pen explosive charge increases _____ with an underwater explosion.
Threefold
What are ordnance?
Military weapons and munitions
Why are the effects of explosive devices usually limited?
The pressure wave and debris radiate outward in all directions from a central point
What type of blasts are considered the most lethal?
Blast causing structural collapse followed by those involving confined spaces
What should be determined during the scene size up of a blast?
The location of the epicenter
What is the most common trauma with explosions?
Lung injury
