Blood Transfusions

Question 1

ABO system

Answer 1

the presence or absence of specific antigen on the surface of RBC determines blood time in the ABO system. ( O - neither A nor b antigens are present)

Question 2

Antibodies

Answer 2

react against A and B antigens ; ( O - has A and B antibodies and can receive only type O blood)

Question 3

Rh system

Answer 3

D antigen:
1. present - Rh positive
2. absent - Rh negative
There are no naturally occurring antibodies to the Rh (D) antigen. A person with Rh negative blood exposed to 200 mL or more Rh positive blood will develop enough antibodies to mount a severe transfusion reaction with repeat exposure. ( 2 weeks to form)

Question 4

AB +

Answer 4

Universal recipient

Question 5

O -

Answer 5

Universal donor

Question 6

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

Answer 6

: Rh, ABO incompatibility; within 15 min;
S/s: 1.severe pain in kidney area and chest;
2. increased temperature ( up to 105 F), HR
3. chills, headache, nausea, dyspnea,
4. anxiety, hypotension, sensation of heat and pain along vein receiving blood.

Question 7

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction : Interventions

Answer 7

1. Stop transfusion
2. Remove blood product and tubing
3. Maintain IV access, notify doctor
4. Vital signs every 15 min
5. Insert Foley: monitor I&O hourly
6. Assess for shock
7. Send to lab: blood and urine sample; unused portion of unit of blood.
8. Document

Question 8

Allergic reaction (mild to moderate)

Answer 8

allergy to plasma proteins in donors blood; during transfusion or 1 hr after;
S/s: 1. local erythema
2. hives and urticaria
3. itching or pruritus.
Interventions: 1. Stop transfusion + call doctor and blood bank
2. Admin. antihistamines as ordered
3. Vitals every 15 min ( transfusion might be restarted)

Question 9

Allergic reaction ( severe)

Answer 9

allergy to donor antigen - agglutination of RBS blocking blood flow; within 5-15 min.
S/s: 1. Coughing, nausea, vomiting
2. respiration distress, wheezing, hypotension
3. loss of consciousness ; cardiac arrest

Question 10

Allergic reaction ( sever) interventions:

Answer 10

1. Stop transfusion ! Life threatening!
2. Maintain IV; call doctor and blood bank
3. Admin. antihistamine, corticosteroids, epinephrine, and antipyretics.
4. Vitals until stable
5. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( if necessary)

Question 11

Infectious disease transmission

Answer 11

microorganism contamination of infused product ; during transfusion to 2 hr after;
S/s: 1. high fever, chills, abdom. cramping
2. vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension
3. flushed skin, back pain

Question 12

infectious disease transmission interventions:

Answer 12

1. Stop transfusion
2. Remove blood product and tubing
3. Maintain IV; call doctor;
4. Monitor vitals
5. Obtain samples of blood culture
6. Admin. IV fluids, broad spectrum antimicrobials, vasopressors and steroids.

Question 13

Autologous blood transfusion

Answer 13

involve collection and infusion of the patients own blood