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Heamatology > Blood Transfusion > Flashcards

Blood Transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

why can blood groups provoke an immune response?

A

because they arise from antigens

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2
Q

describe type A antigens

A

> N-acetylgalatosamine

> co-dominant

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3
Q

describe type O antigens

A

> non functioning allele

> recessive

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4
Q

describe type B antigens

A

> galactose

> co-dominant

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5
Q

what happens when a RhD -ve individual is exposed to RhD + cells?

A

they can make anti -D antibodies

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6
Q

what do ABO genes code for?

A

glycosyltransferase (AB genes code for the transferase enzyme and glycans are added to the proteins or the lipids on the red cell)

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7
Q

what blood can a group A patient receive?

A

> A

> O

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8
Q

what blood can a group B patient receive?

A

> B

> O

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9
Q

what blood can a group AB patient receive?

A

> A
B
AB
O

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10
Q

what blood can a group O patient receive?

A

> O

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11
Q

what fresh frozen plasma can group A receive?

A

> A

> AB

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12
Q

what fresh frozen plasma can group B receive?

A

> B

> AB

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13
Q

what fresh frozen plasma can group AB receive?

A

> AB

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14
Q

what fresh frozen plasma can group O receive?

A

> A
B
AB
O

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15
Q

what are the indications for red cell transfusion?

A

> correct severe acute anaemia
improve quality of life in un-correctable anaemia
prepare for surgery/speedy recovery
reverse damage by patients own cells

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16
Q

what screening questions are asked in blood donation?

A 
> tattoos
> travel
> sex
> age
> sexual behaviour
17
Q

what is always screened for in blood donation?

A

> Hep B/C/E
HIV
syphilis

18
Q

what is variably screened for in blood donation?

A

> zika
malaria
west nile virus

19
Q

what is group and screening?

A

> checking RhD type
checking ABO type
checked against historical records
screen for alloantibodies

20
Q

what tests are used in group and screening?

A

> coombs test

> gel’s column and automation

21
Q

describe the availability of red cells in hospital

A

> Minutes: O RhD -ve cells and AB plasma
urgent: type specific
Non-Urgent: full cross match
Massive Haemorrhage: 6 units of red cells, 1 unit of platelets and 4 units of FFP

22
Q

what is haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

the baby is RhD +ve and the mother is -ve so maternal antibodies antiD antibodies develop as IgG crosses the placenta.

23
Q

what is neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?

A

uncommon but it is the same process as haemolytic disease of the newborn but involving platelets.
intracellular haemorrhage

24
Q

how is haemolytic disease of foetus and newborn managed?

A 
> prevention with prophylactic anti-D at 28/40 weeks
> treatment: 
 - carful monitoring with doppler US
 - interuterine transfusion
 - antibody titres
25
Q

how are blood transfusion reactions managed?

A

> stop the transfusion
give antihistamine if there is urticaria
check the patients identity against label
antipyretic

26
Q

how should you manage dyspnoea as a transfusion reaction?

A

> O2
diuretic
ventilation
adrenaline

27
Q

a patient goes into shock after reacting to a transfusion. how is this managed?

A 
> ventilation
> antibiotics
> FFP/platelets
> adrenaline
> IV fluids
28
Q

what is in the buffy coat?

A

> platelets

> WBC

29
Q

what is in the plasma?

A

> albumin
antibodies
clotting and coag. factors

30
Q

at what temperature are red blood cells stored at?

A

4 degrees Celsius

31
Q

over what time period are RBC transfused over?

A

2-4 hours

32
Q

how are platelets stored?

A

at 22 degrees Celsius for 7 days

33
Q

what are some indications for platelets transfusion?

A

> bone marrow failure
surgery prophylaxis
cardiopulmonary bypass (only if bleeding)
major haemorrhage

34
Q

over what period of time are platelets transfused over?

A

20-30mins

35
Q

what are some indications for fresh frozen plasma?

A

> major haemorrhage
DIC
bleeding
prophylaxis

Heamatology (6 decks)

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