Blood Donation Flashcards
Exam 3
What is the difference between an apheresis donation and a whole blood donation?
An apheresis donation removes blood from the donor and only takes one blood component from the donor. The rest is put back into the donor. In a whole blood donation, all blood components are taken from the donor and later processed and separated out into different blood products.
Describe the process of prepping a donor and collecting blood for whole blood donation.
ChloraPrep is used to clean the draw site and the area is scrubbed 4 cm in every direction for 30 seconds. Begin collection of blood (never leave patient unattended). Mix the anticoagulant and blood periodically. Collect 405-550 mL of blood and draw additional tubes on the donor for testing.
Describe the two different processes for apheresis collection.
Intermittent flow centrifugation: the blood is processed in batches or cycles and they cycles are repeated until enough is obtained. Only one venipuncture site is needed.
Continuous flow centrifugation: blood withdrawal, processing, and reinfusion are all performed simultaneously. Requires two venipuncture sites.
How often can you donate whole blood?
8 weeks
How often can you donate for platelet apheresis?
Twice every 7 days, 24 total times per year, 2 days apart
How often can you donate for plasma apheresis?
Twice within a 7 days, 2 days apart
How often can you donate for a double RBC apheresis?
16 weeks
How long must a donor wait to donate platelets after taking aspirin?
2 days
How long must a donor wait to donate following the end of a pregnancy (be that birth, 3rd trimester miscarriage/abortion)?
6 weeks
How long must a donor wait to donate following a blood product transfusion or an organ transplant?
3 months
How long must a donor wait to donate after receiving a live attenuated or bacterial vaccine?
2 weeks
How long must a donor wait to donate after receiving a German measles (rubella) or chicken pox live attenuated vaccine?
4 weeks
How long must a donor wait to donate after receiving a smallpox vaccine?
3 weeks
How long must a donor wait to donate after receiving most viral vaccines?
No deferral
How long must a donor wait to donate after an unregulated tattoo/piercing or an accidental needle stick?
3 months
How long must a donor wait to donate after having sexual contact with someone who has HIV/AIDS or hepatitis?
3 months
If a donor travels to an area endemic to malaria, how long must they wait to donate?
3 months
If a donor was a previous resident in a country endemic to malaria, how long after relocating to the U.S. must they wait to donate?
3 years
If a donor has spent 3 months or more in the U.K. between 1980-1996, how long must they wait to donate?
Indefinitely deferred
A donor will be indefinitely deferred if after 1980 the time they spent in France or Ireland exceeds ____________.
5 years
If a donor has received a blood transfusion in the U.K. or France after 1980, how long must they wait to donate?
Indefinitely deferred
List the diseases that would cause indefinite deferral of the donor if acquired.
HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B or C, Chaga’s Disease, blood cancer, bleeding condition, CJD or relatives with CJD
If a patient has contracted syphilis or gonorrhea, how long must they wait after receiving treatment before they can donate?
3 months
If a patient has contracted malaria, how long must they wait after being asymptomatic before they can donate?
3 years
If a donor has been in prison for greater than _______________ they will be deferred from donation for 12 months.
72 hours
What must a donor’s temperature be to donate blood?
< or = 37.5C or 99.5F
What must a donor’s pulse be to donate blood?
50-100 bpm
What must a donor’s blood pressure be to donate blood?
< or = 180/100
What must a donor’s hemoglobin level be to donate blood?
Women: > or = 12.5 g/dL, Men: > or = 13.0 g/dL
What must a donor’s hematocrit be to donate blood?
Women: > or = 38%, men: > or = 39%
What is an autologous donation?
Donating blood for yourself to use in the future
How soon before the patient’s surgery must they stop making autologous donations?
72 hours
What are the minimum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels for autologous donation?
Hemoglobin: 11g/dL, Hematocrit: 33%
What is a directed donation?
When a unit is collected from an individual for a specific patient
What are the minimum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels for directed donations?
Same as allogeneic donations
What are some mild reactions that can occur when donating a unit of blood?
Syncope/fainting, nausea/vomiting, hyperventilation, twitch and muscle spasms (usually due to hyperventilation)
What serologic testing must be performed on every whole blood donation?
ABORh, Antibody Screen, Hepatitis B and C, HIV, HTLV-I, II, WNV, Syphilis, T. cruzi
What testing must be performed on every platelet donation in addition to the previous question?
Bacterial culture
If the immediate spin D testing on a unit is negative and the weak D testing on the unit is positive, what Rh type is the unit labeled as? Why?
Rh positive- Even though the donor has a weakened D expression, an Rh negative recipient could form an anti- D in response.
What is the clinical picture of Hepatitis B?
15-25% develop liver disease, but some may recover without liver damage. Symptoms include jaundice, dark urine, hepatomegaly, anorexia, malaise, fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Some may be asymptomatic.
List the screening and confirmatory tests used to test for Hepatitis B.
Screening: ChLIA or EIA detecting Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) and Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), or NAT detecting HBV RNA
Confirmatory: HBV DNA neutralization
What is the clinical picture for Hepatitis C?
Most people remain asymptomatic. Symptoms can include anorexia, fatigue, malaise, and abdominal pain. 60-70% will develop chronic liver disease.
List the screening and confirmatory tests used to test for Hepatitis C.
Screening: ChLIA, EIA, or NAT
Confirmatory: HCV RNA
List the screening and confirmatory tests used to test for HIV.
Screening: EIA, ChLIA, NAT
Confirmatory: Western blot, HIV-1 IFA
If the screening test for Hepatitis B or C is positive and the confirmatory test is negative, what is done with the unit and can the donor donate again?
The unit is discarded and the donor can donate again in 8 weeks
List the screening and confirmatory tests used to test for HTLV-I and II.
Screening: EIA and ChLIA
Confirmatory: Western blot
List the screening and confirmatory tests used to test for West Nile Virus.
Screening: NAT (pooled and individual)
Confirmatory: repeat or alternate NAT
If the screening test for West Nile Virus is positive, what is done with the unit and can the donor donate again?
The unit is discarded and the donor can donate again in 120 days
List the screening and confirmatory tests used to test for syphilis.
Screening: RPR, VDRL, EIA
Confirmatory: antigen specific immunofluorescence or agglutination assay
If the screening and confirmatory tests are positive for syphilis, what is done with the unit and can the donor donate again?
Unit is discarded. The donor can donate again 3 months after successful treatment.
List the screening and confirmatory tests used to test for Chaga’s Disease.
Screening: ChLIA or EIA
Confirmatory: Enzyme strip assay
Which test is only performed once in a donor’s lifetime?
Chaga’s disease
Which test is pooled in groups and then retested individually if the pool comes up positive?
West Nile Virus
What are some other diseases that can be transmitted by transfusion, but are not tested for?
Epstein-Barr Virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, Babesia microti (in most states), malaria, prion diseases (CJD)
What agencies regulate donor centers?
FDA, AABB, CAP
Why do platelets require bacterial testing, but other blood products do not?
They are at higher risk of contamination due to room temperature storage.
What are the most common bacteria seen contaminating platelets and red cells?
Most common in platelets are staph aureus and staph epidermidis. Most common in RBCs is Yersinia entercolitica followed by Pseudomonas.
