Blood (Chapter 18) Flashcards
Blood is what kind of tissue?
Connective
A matrix is composed of what?
Ground substance and proteins
What is ground substance made of?
Plasma
What are some functions of blood?
- Distribution of O2, glucose, amino acids, hormones, cholesterol, water and fatty acids
- Thermoregulation, pH regulation and water volume
- Protection
What is hemostasis?
The stopping of blood flow
Blood plasma is composed of 5 things:
- Proteins
- nutrients
- blood gasses
- electrolytes
- wastes
There are 4 proteins within blood plasma:
- Albumen: most abundant. contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
- Globulins: Antibodies. provides immune system fuctions
- Fibrinogen: helps form blood clots due to thread like structure and insolubility
- <1% hormones and enzymes
What is a hemocytoblast?
A stem cell found in bone marrow. It will develop into an erythrocyte (red blood cell)
What are some properties of erythrocytes? (red blood cells)
They have no organelles They have no nucleus They have no mitochondria They have no DNA They cannot reproduce/repair Produces ATP through glycolysis
What are some common wastes found in blood?
Urea, ammonia, creatinine
What is the function of an erythrocyte?
To bind and release oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is hemopoiesis?
The development of all blood cells (white, red and platelets)
What is hypoxemia?
- Inadequate O2 transport in the blood
- Also known as hypoxia
What is the result of hypoxemia? (trigger and response)
Triggers liver, kidney and spleen
Responds by releasing EPO (erythropoietin). This hormone causes hemocytoblasts to mature into an erythrocyte
Approximately how long does it take for a RBC (red blood cell) to wear out?
~120 days
What happens when a RBC wears out?
- Become inflexible and has potential to get stuck in capillaries
- Will eventually become phagocytized
There are 5 different types of WBC (white blood cells). What are they?
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
What is another name for a leukocyte?
White blood cell
There are 2 types of leukocytes. What are they?
- Granular
2. Agranular
Which white blood cells fall under the “granular leukocyte” category?
- neutrophil
- basophil
- eosinophil
Which white blood cells fall under the “agranular leukocyte” category?
- monocyte
- lymphocyte
What are some characteristics of neutrophils?
- many nuclei
- most common circulating WBC
- 1st to arrive when injured
- travels by using lysosomes (endo/exocytosis)
- Similar to phagocytes (“eat” bacteria)
What are some characteristics of eosinophils?
- responds to parasitic invasions
- travel by using lysosomes
- 2nd least common
What are some characteristics of basophils?
-secretes heparin and histamine (similar to a mast cell)
- trigger is inflammation
(heparin=blood thinner) (histamine=vasodialator)
-least common
What are some characteristics of monocytes?
- once out of circulation, they become macrophages in the dermis
- the largest leukocyte
- attacks viral and bacterial invasions
What are some characteristics of lymphocytes?
- 2 types: T and B lymphocytes
- specified immunity
Define chemotaxis
Movement of cells along a chemical gradient
What is diapedesis?
The passage of leukocytes through the intact walls of capillaries. (typically accompanies inflammation)
Can WBCs go back into circulation once they are out?
No, they are destroyed by macrophages
What are cytokines?
They activate leukocytes by leaving a chemical trail so they can follow to the injury
Define hemophelia?
Cannot stop blood flow, depending on the severity of the disease
What is a thrombus?
A stationary clot
What is a moving clot called?
An embolism
What are the 3 steps a vessel injury goes through?
Step 1: Vascular spasm (smooth muscle will contract and narrow to attempt to close the wound
Step 2: Platelet plug formation
Step 3: Blood clotting
Blood types are named by the _______ _______ on a erythrocyte.
Surface Protein (antigens)
What are antibodies?
They protect the body from foreign antigens. Located in the plasma
