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Infection > Blood Borne Viruses- HIV > Flashcards

Blood Borne Viruses- HIV Flashcards

1
Q

Identify 3 main conditions associated with HIV
(Name 2 associated with lungs)

How can the virus affect latent infections

A

Oral candidiasis
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Pneumocystis pneumonia, TB

Latent infections can be reactivated

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2
Q

In the UK, which 4 areas have highest rates of HIV

Who should be treated and when

A

London, East England, North East, Midlands

Everyone, ASAP

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3
Q

Identify 4 main features of a virus

A
  1. Genome- RNA/ DNA (ss or ds)
  2. Capsid- Protein shell, protects genome
  3. Lipid envelope- Present/ absent, contains antigens
  4. Replication strategy
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4
Q

What is HIV?

A

A retrovirus that interacts with CD4 surface receptors

Retrovirus= ssRNA->DNA->ssRNA

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5
Q

Describe the 8 steps in Viral Replication

A
  1. Binding and Fusion: Virus binds to CD4 receptor and fuses with cell
  2. Infection: Virus penetrates cell, emptying contents in
  3. Reverse Transcription: ssRNA-> dsDNA by Reverse Transcriptase
  4. Integration: Viral DNA combined with cell’s by Integrase
  5. Transcription: During cell division, viral DNA read and protein chains made
  6. Assembly: Protein chains come together
  7. Budding: Immature virus pushes out of cell
  8. Maturation: Protein chains cut by Protease-> Individual proteins
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6
Q

How is HIV transmitted

Give 4 examples

A

Contact of infected bodily fluid with mucosal tissue/ blood/ broken skin

  • Sexual contact
  • Contaminated needles
  • Perinatal transmission (During delivery/ Breast milk ingestion)
  • Medical procedures (Transfusion/ Skin grafts/ Organ donation)
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7
Q

Name the 4 stages of HIV infection

Describe the 1st stage, including its time period, Viral load, and CD4 count

At which stage do symptoms start to show?

A
  1. Primary infection: Few months
    - Rapid increase in Viral load-> decrease to ‘set point’
    - Small decrease in CD4 count-> partial increase
  2. Latent infection
  3. Symptomatic infection (Symptoms show)
  4. Severe infection/ AIDS
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8
Q

Describe the 2nd stage of HIV Infection

Include Viral load, and CD4 count

A

Latent Infection

  • Gradual increase in Viral Load
  • Gradual decrease in CD4 count
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9
Q

Describe the 3rd stage of HIV Infection

Include Viral load, and CD4 count

A

Symptomatic infection

  • Slow increase in viral load
  • Slow decrease in CD4 count to below 350 cells/ microlitre
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10
Q

Describe the last stage of HIV Infection

Include Viral load, and CD4 count

A

Severe infection/ AIDS

  • Gradual increase in viral load
  • Decrease in CD4 count to below 200 cells/ microlitre
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11
Q

What are the main symptoms of Acute HIV, in regards to;

  1. Systemic
  2. Mouth
  3. Muscles
  4. Skin
  5. Gastric
A
  1. Systemic- Fever, weight loss
  2. Mouth- Sores, thrush
  3. Muscles- Myalgia
  4. Skin- Rash
  5. Gastric- Vomiting, Nausea
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12
Q

What are 4 factors that affect HIV transmission

A
  • Type of exposure (Type of sex/ transfusion/ needlestick)
  • Viral load in blood (Transmission unlikely if undetectable VL)
  • Condom use
  • Breaks in skin/ mucosa (Other STI/ Sexual assault)
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13
Q

What is the average lifespan of HIV patients?

What are 4 factors that allow a long lifespan?

A

78 years

  • Early detection
  • Treatment
  • Adherence (To treatment)
  • Healthy living (Smoking, drinking)
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14
Q

Name 3 kinds of Diagnostic Tests used to detect HIV

A

Serology
PCR
Rapid tests

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15
Q

What does a HIV Serology test detect

When do you get the result?
What incorrect result may be obtained?

A

Detects HIV antigen and antibody (Part of immune response)

Result on same day
May get a False Negative

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16
Q

What does a HIV PCR test detect

Why is it not used for initial HIV testing?
What is one good thing about this test?

A
  • Detects HIV Nucleic Acid
  • Expensive, Slow so used for follow-ups
  • Detects early infection (Few days)
17
Q

What does a ‘Rapid’ HIV test detect

What are the 2 mechanisms

How accurate are negative and positive results?
How can we confirm?

A
  • Detects HIV Antibody
  • Blood test (Finger prick)
  • Oral (Saliva)
  • Negative results are accurate
  • May get a false positive (Confirm with serology)
18
Q

Name 2 strategies to reduce HIV Prevalence

A
  • Vaccination

- ARVs (Anti-retroviral drugs)

19
Q

Which 4 stages of Viral Replication are targeted by ARVs

A
  1. Binding and fusion
  2. Reverse Transcription
  3. Integration
  4. Maturation
20
Q

Which kinds of ARVs drugs are used to treat HIV

A 
2 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
\+
1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor 
OR
1 Protease Inhibitor 
OR
1 Integrase Inhibitor
OR 
1 CCR5 (Entry) Inhibitor
21
Q

Why give 3 ARVs?

A

The virus mutates every 2-3 rounds of replication (Millions of rounds each day)

Thus, 3 drugs vs 1 drug= Harder to develop resistance

22
Q

What is risk of transmission of HIV from a needlestick injury

A

1 in 300 (Less if on treatment/ VL is undetectable)

23
Q

State 3 features of the HIV structure

A

Single stranded
Enveloped
RNA

Infection (26 decks)

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