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Biology > Blood And Organs > Flashcards

Blood And Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Blood main components?

A
  • Plasma
  • Platelets
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
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2
Q

What does Plasma transport and carry around the body?

A
  • Red and White Blood Cells, Platelets
  • Digested food products (glucose) from gut to body cells
  • Carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
  • Urea from liver to kidneys
  • Hormones - chemical messengers
  • Heat energy
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3
Q

How do Platelets help blood clot?

A
  • They clump together to plug the damaged area - blood clotting
  • Stop you losing blood and prevent microorganisms entering wound
  • Held together by fibrin
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4
Q

What is the structure of a Red Blood Cell and what does it transport?

A
  • Small and Biconcave shape to give large SA for absorbing and releasing oxygen
  • Don’t have nucleus so can carry more oxygen
  • Transport oxygen from lungs to all cells in body
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5
Q

What are Pathogens?

A
  • Microorganisms that cause disease(bacteria/viruses)

* They enter your body and reproduce rapidly unless destroyed

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6
Q

What are the types of White Blood Cells?

A
  • Phagocytes

* Lymphocytes

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7
Q

How do Phagocytes ingest Pathogens?

A
  • Detect things that are foreign to body (pathogens)

* They engulf pathogens and digest them

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8
Q

How do Lymphocytes produce Antibodies?

A
  • When come across foreign antigen they produce antibodies (protein)
  • They lock on to invading pathogen and mark them out for destruction by other WBCs
  • Antibodies produces rapidly and flow round body to mark all similar pathogens
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9
Q

How do Vaccinations protect you from future infections?

A
  • Vaccination is injecting dead pathogen into body, these carry antigens, they trigger immune response, lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them
  • Memory Cells will be produced also and remain in blood, so if live pathogens of same type appear, the antibodies to kill them are produced much faster and bigger
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10
Q

What are the types of Blood Vessel?

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
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11
Q

What is the function of the Arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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12
Q

What is the function of the Capillaries?

A
  • Carry blood close to every cell to exchange substances with them
  • Supply food and oxygen, take away wastes (Carbon dioxide)
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13
Q

What is the function of the Veins?

A

Carry blood to the heart

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14
Q

What is the structure of a Artery?

A
  • Strong and elastic walls - heart pumps blood out at high pressure
  • Elastic fibres allow arteries to expand
  • Thick walls compared to lumen, Contain think layers of muscle to make them strong
  • Largest artery = Aorta
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15
Q

What is the structure of Capillaries?

A
  • Really tiny
  • Permeable walls - substances can diffuse in and out
  • Walls only one cell thick - increases rate of diffusion by decreasing over which it happens
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16
Q

What is the structure of Veins?

A
  • Not thick walls - blood at lower pressure
  • Big lumen - help blood flow despite lower pressure
  • Valves - help keep blood flowing in right direction
  • Largest Vein = vena cava
17
Q

How does exercise increase heart rate?

A
  • Exercise increases amount of carbon dioxide in blood
  • High levels of blood CO2, detected by receptors in aorta and artery
  • These receptors send signals to brain
  • Brain sends signals to heart, causing it to contract more frequently with more force
18
Q

How does the Hormonal System help control heart rate?

A
  • When organism threatened, the adrenal glands release adrenaline
  • Adrenaline binds to receptors in heart, causes cardiac muscle to contract more frequently with more force and heart pumps more blood
  • This increases oxygen supply to tissues
19
Q

How is blood pumped around body from Heart?

A
  • Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body
  • Moves to right ventricle which pumps it to lungs via pulmonary vein
  • Left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from lungs
  • Oxygenated blood moves to left ventricle which pumps it round whole body via aorta
  • Left ventricle much thicker wall than right ventricle, needs more muscle to pump blood round body, right ventricle only needs to pump to lungs
  • Valves prevent back flow of blood
20
Q

What is Pulmonary to do with?

A

The lungs

21
Q

What is Hepatic to do with?

A

The liver

22
Q

What is Renal to do with?

A

The kidneys

23
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

A
  • Coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscle of heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
  • Cause arteries to be narrow, blood flow restricted and lack of oxygen to heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack
24
Q

What are the factors that can lead to Coronary Heart Disease?

A
  • Having diet high in saturated fat - fatty deposits forming inside arteries
  • Smoking - increases blood pressure, damage inside of coronary arteries
  • Inactiveness - high blood pressure, damages lining of arteries, fatty deposits form
25
Q

What are the main roles of the Kidneys?

A
  • Removal of urea from blood
  • Adjustment of ion levels in blood
  • Adjustment of water content of blood
26
Q

Where and how is Urea produced?

A
  • In liver

* From excess amino acids

27
Q

What is Ultrafiltration?

A
  • Blood from renal artery flows through glomerulus
  • High pressure built up which squeezes water, urea, ions, glucose out of blood into Bowman’s Capsule
  • Membranes between blood vessels act like filters , big molecules (proteins,blood cells) not squeezed out, stay in blood
28
Q

What substances are Reabsorbed into blood as filtrate flows along nephron?

A
  • Glucose from proximal convoluted tubule so can be used in Respiration, involves active transport against concentration gradient
  • Sufficient ions
  • Sufficient water from collecting duct into bloodstream by osmosis
29
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A
  • Sweating
  • Breathing
  • Peeing
30
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

The balance of water coming in against the water going out

31
Q

How do the kidneys adjust the body’s water content?

A
  • Adjust amount of water that’s excreted by kidneys in urine

* When kidneys reabsorb more water, urine has smaller volume and is more concentrated

32
Q

How does ADH help control water content?

A
  • ADH makes collecting ducts of nephrons more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood
  • Brain monitors the water content of blood and instructs pituitary gland to release ADH into blood
  • If water content is not right then mechanism triggered to bring to back to normal
33
Q

If water content too low how do you get water content normal?

A
  • Brain detects water loss
  • Pituitary gland releases more ADH
  • ADH makes kidney reabsorb more water
  • Now hydrated
34
Q

If water content too high how do you get water content normal?

A
  • Brain detects water gain
  • Pituitary gland releases less ADH
  • Less ADH means kidney reabsorbs less water
  • Now hydrated

Biology (9 decks)

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