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KNES260 > Blood and Immunity Physiology > Flashcards

Blood and Immunity Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Components of blood

A

Red Blood Cells
-Erythrocytes
-45%

White Blood Cells
-Leukocytes
-<1%

Platelets
-<1%

Plasma
-55%

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2
Q

What does blood plasma contain?

A

-90% water
-Electrolytes and glucose
-Inactive clotting factors
-Plasma proteins (7%)

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3
Q

What is hematocrit (Hct)?

A

-Ratio of RBC’s to total blood volume
-45%

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4
Q

What do RBCs need?

A

-Iron
-B12
-Erythropoieten (from kidney) that is released if blood O2 is low

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5
Q

Anemia

A

-Low oxygen carrying capacity
-Causes fatigue

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6
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

-Low B12 so cells can’t divide in mitosis
-Low RBC count

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6
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

-Low iron and low hemaglobin
-Cells become very small, which lowers the hematocrit

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7
Q

Neutrophils (WBCs)

A

-Phagocytes
-Very small so circulate well in blood, all over the body
-Eat debris and bacteria
-60-70% of WBCs

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7
Q

Polycythemia (primary, secondary, relative)

A

-High RBC count or high hematocrit

Primary:
-tumour in bone marrow causes high RBC production
-blood gets very viscous

Secondary:
-high elevation causes high RBC production
-get used to this

Relative:
-dehydration = reduced plasma and high HCT

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7
Q

Monocytes (WBCs)

A

-Macrophages
-Very big, so they are camped out in the lymph nodes or tissues
-First identifier in immune response (antigen presenting cell)
-Eat viruses, cancer cells, fluids, debris
-2-8% of WBCs

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8
Q

Eosinophils (WBCs)

A

-Fights parasites
-Creates allergy response
-1-4% of WBCs

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9
Q

Basophils (WBCs)

A

-Sends out cytokines (chemical messengers)
-Histamines in immune response
-<1%

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10
Q

Lymphocytes (WBCs)

A

-20-30% of WBCs
-T cells and B cells
-Responds to very specific infections

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11
Q

Platelets

A

-Cell fragments needed for clotting
-Lifespan of 5-9 days
-Break off of megakaryocytes that live in the bone marrow

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12
Q

What are the three general steps of blood clotting?

A

1) Vascular spams and vasoconstriction to reduce blood loss
2) Platelet plug - platelets arrive at the injury and adhere to exposed collagen fibers
3) Coagulation - coagulation cascade converts inactive proteins to active forms, which ultimately form fibrin strands of a blood clot

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13
Q

What part of the blood carries the blood group antibodies?

A

Plasma

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14
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

-Massive destruction of RBCs

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15
Q

Bacteria

A

-Small cells that often rely on tissues for food

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16
Q

Viruses

A

-DNA plus a protein coat
-Cannot replicate themselves unless they infect cells

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17
Q

How does an antibiotic work?

A

-Target cell membrane
-Inhibit protein synthesis
-Interfere with metabolism, DNA synthesis
-Works on bacteria, not viruses, because viruses don’t have organelles

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18
Q

Most upper respiratory infections are caused by __________

A

Viruses

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19
Q

What are anti-biotic resistant bacteria?

A

-Adapt and change DNA when over-exposed to antibiotics
-Patients usually remain “infected”
-Very limited in antibiotics that can fight them

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20
Q

Fungi

A

-Plant-like organisms larger than bacteria
-Create inflammation response
-Anti-fungals attack their cell walls

21
Q

Protozoa

A

-Single-celled organisms in water, soil or internal
-Infection through bite of infected insect or ingestion of spores
-Malaria

22
Helminths
-Roundworms or flatworms -Pinworms and tapeworms
23
Prions
-Infectious proteins that affect brain or neural tissue and induce abnormal folding of cellular proteins -Progress rapidly -Fatal -Mad Cow disease
24
What is nonspecific resistance?
-Innate immunity -Present at birth and include defence mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens -External defenses -Inflammation -Interferons -Natural killer cells/phagocytes -Complement system
25
What is specific immunity?
-Adaptive immunity -Involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign substance -T-cells (kill infected cells) and B-cells (antibody response)
26
First line of defence
-Skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva (4 external body defenses) -Acid -Coughing/sneezing -Natural bacteria colonies
27
Second line of defence
-Non-specific mechanisms -Phagocytosis, NK cells, inflammation, fever -These are both non-specific (innate immunity) and do not exhibit immunological memory
28
Third line of defence
Adaptive immunity -Lymphocytes -Antibodies
29
What is the inflammation response?
-Cytokines are released from injury -Causes Mast cells to release histamines -Increases blood flow, permeabilities of capillaries, WBCs proteins to site, and fluid (edema)
30
Interferons
-Cytokines released from an infected cell -Destroys itself and leaves the virus out floating freely to be destroyed by the immune response (this is when we feel crappy) -Prevents infection of other cells
31
How does a phagocyte kill a pathogen?
Takes bites out of it
32
How does a macrophage kill a pathogen?
-Ingests the pathogen -Inside the macrophage, lysosomes contain lysosomal enzymes and oxidants, which are used to digest the pathogen -In some cases, if the pathogen has antigens, the macrophage will present fragments of the antigens on its surface to tell others to crank up the nonspecific immune response
33
Complement system
Circulating proteins form an attack complex which kills anything marked by antibodies
34
Where are B-cells produced?
In the bone marrow
35
How do B-cells and T-cells differentiate?
B-cells attack the free virus with antibody reaction. They bind to the antigen and become activated. Antibodies bind to antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes and complement system. T-cells attack infected cells themselves
36
Where are T-cells made?
Thymus
37
What happens when B lymphocytes become activated?
Clonal expansion: divide and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells
38
Where are antibodies secreted from?
Plasma cells
39
Which organelle do plasma cells contain a bunch of and why?
Endoplasmic reticulum: to make more proteins and antibodies
40
How does the binding of antibodies to antigens inactivate the antigens? Which processes lead to phagocytosis or cell lysis?
-Neutralization (blocks viral binding sites or coast bacteria) (phagocytosis) -Agglutination of microbes (clumping) (phagocytosis) -Dissolves antigens (phagocytosis) -Activation of complement system (cell lysis)
41
Which response are memory cells helpful for?
The second response
42
Types of T lymphocytes
-Helper t cells -Cytotoxic t cells -Suppressor T cells
43
Which cell secretes cytokines?
Helper T cells
44
What does cytokine secretion help with?
-Amps up the entire immune response by secreting protein that draws in more helper T cells -Mediates fever -Increases numbers for B and T cells -Necessary for strong response
45
Which cells does HIV target?
Helper T cells - can't call in reinforcements when sick
46
How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?
-Recognizes antigen markers and cell fingerprints -Releases perforins to rupture cell walls
47
What do supressor T cells do?
-They limit an overresponse of the immune system
48
What is the non-specific immune response?
-Coughing, sneezing, fever -Higher mucous production -Interferon/complement and phagocytes active -Macrophages crank up the nonspecific
49
What is the specific immune response?
-More B cells (more antibodies and plasma cells) -More T cells (kill infected cells and increase overall response)
50
Which protein does the cytotoxic T cells produce?
CD8 (ate)
51
Which protein does the helper T cell produce?
CD4 (for you)
52
If you have a virus, which cells will be more active?
Lymphocytes (t and b cells)
53
If you have bacteria, which cells will be more active?
Higher neutrophils (phagocytes)
54
If you have allergies, which cells will be more active?
-High eosinophils & basophils (histamines) -Mast cells start to activate, rupture, release histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin -Overproduction of IgE

KNES260 (13 decks)

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