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Neoplasia/blood and clotting > Blood and clotting > Flashcards

Blood and clotting Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant cells in the body

A

RBC (erythrocytes)

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2
Q

Life span of RBC

A

100-120 days

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3
Q

RBC are cleared by ______

A

splenic macrophages

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4
Q

percent of blood made up by RBC

A

hematocrit

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5
Q

amount of protein in a volume of blood

A

Hemoglobin

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6
Q

Red blood cell count

A

4-5 billion/mL

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7
Q

hematocrit/red count

A

Mean cell volume (MCV)

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8
Q

Variability of RBC size

A

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

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9
Q

Hemoglobin /red count

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)

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10
Q

hemoglobin/hematocrit

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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11
Q

production of RBC

A

erythropoietin, cytokines, colony-stimulating factors

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12
Q

What is needed for DNA synthesis of hemoglobin production?

A

Vitamin B12, folate, and iron

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13
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

Alpha subunit
Beta subunit
heme group containing iron

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14
Q

Mutation in sickle cell disease

A

glutamate is substituted with valine creating “sticky” HbS surface which is deoxygenated and hydrophobic.

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15
Q

Sickle cell heterozygote

A

May be symptomatic

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16
Q

Sickle cell homozygote

A

Full manifestation

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17
Q

What causes sickle cell shape?

A

dehydration and nucleation increases HbS concentration

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18
Q

Thalassemia is produced by _____

A

mutation of Hb alpha or beta chains

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19
Q

thalassemia red blood cells appear____

A

small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic)

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20
Q

What causes microcytic and hypochromic RBCs?

A

Reduced hemoglobin concentration

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21
Q

Microcytosis

A

small RBC, MCV <80 fL

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22
Q

Normocytosis

A

MCV 80-100

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23
Q

macrocytosis

A

MCV >100

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24
Q

hypochromic

A

pale cells (low concentration of Hg)

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25
altered shapes
spherocytes sickled cells schistocytes
26
symptoms of acute blood loss
hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope
27
symptoms of chronic blood loss
tachycardia, tachypnea, slow onset fatigue, exercise intolerance.
28
chronic blood loss compensation
renal sodium and water retention - expand plasma volume
29
Requires carrier proteins
Iron
30
Carrier proteins of iron
Ferritin | Transferrin
31
Intracellular iron binding protein
Ferritin
32
Plasma iron binding protein
transferrin
33
Transports iron from gut or spleen to bone marrow
Transferrin
34
Where does 90% of iron come from?
Spleen
35
Most common anemia worldwide
Iron-deficiency anemia
36
Conditions of increased iron requirements
rapid growth in early childhood and adolescence, pregnancy
37
Chronic blood loss
menstrual losses, GI bleeds
38
Decreased GI iron intake
nutritional deficiencies, malabsorption syndromes
39
Iron deficiency anemia indicators: labs
Decreased: MCV, Transferring saturation, Ferritin Increased: Transferrin small, pale cells
40
Required for nucleotide synthesis
Vitamin B12 and Folate
41
Vitamin B12 derived from:
Animal sources (meat, eggs, dairy)
42
macrocytic and hypochromic
Vitamin B12 or folate anemia
43
bariatric surgery can lead to ___
vitamin B12 deficiency
44
autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells
pernicious anemia
45
required for myelin formation
vitamin B12
46
deficiency can result in sensory paresthesias
vitamin B12
47
Involves regulatory protein hepcidin
Anemia of chronic inflammation
48
iron builds up in gut cells and splenic macrophages and cannot reach bone marrow
anemia of chronic inflammation
49
findings include microcytic anemia and low reticulocyte count
anemia of chronic inflammation
50
reduces RBC life span
hemodialysis
51
Kidney failure leads to
reduced erythropoietin synthesis
52
fluid and electrolyte imbalances
anemia of chronic kidney disease
53
conditions where RBCs are destroyed by spleen
sickle cell hereditary spherocytoisis G6PD deficiency
54
HELLP
hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets
55
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
intravascular - small blood vessels blocked by clots
56
examples of Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
HELLP syndrome thrombotic thrombocytopenia hemolytic uremic syndrome
57
Bilirubin is increased in what type of anemia?
hemolytic anemia
58
decreased in Hemolytic anemia
RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit
59
Increased in hemolytic anemia
Reticulocyte count RDW Iron and lactate dehydrogenase
60
may see schistocytes on blood smear
hemolytic anemia

Neoplasia/blood and clotting (5 decks)

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