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Neoplasia/blood and clotting > Blood and clotting > Flashcards

Blood and clotting Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant cells in the body

A

RBC (erythrocytes)

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2
Q

Life span of RBC

A

100-120 days

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3
Q

RBC are cleared by ______

A

splenic macrophages

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4
Q

percent of blood made up by RBC

A

hematocrit

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5
Q

amount of protein in a volume of blood

A

Hemoglobin

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6
Q

Red blood cell count

A

4-5 billion/mL

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7
Q

hematocrit/red count

A

Mean cell volume (MCV)

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8
Q

Variability of RBC size

A

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

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9
Q

Hemoglobin /red count

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)

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10
Q

hemoglobin/hematocrit

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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11
Q

production of RBC

A

erythropoietin, cytokines, colony-stimulating factors

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12
Q

What is needed for DNA synthesis of hemoglobin production?

A

Vitamin B12, folate, and iron

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13
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

Alpha subunit
Beta subunit
heme group containing iron

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14
Q

Mutation in sickle cell disease

A

glutamate is substituted with valine creating “sticky” HbS surface which is deoxygenated and hydrophobic.

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15
Q

Sickle cell heterozygote

A

May be symptomatic

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16
Q

Sickle cell homozygote

A

Full manifestation

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17
Q

What causes sickle cell shape?

A

dehydration and nucleation increases HbS concentration

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18
Q

Thalassemia is produced by _____

A

mutation of Hb alpha or beta chains

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19
Q

thalassemia red blood cells appear____

A

small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic)

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20
Q

What causes microcytic and hypochromic RBCs?

A

Reduced hemoglobin concentration

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21
Q

Microcytosis

A

small RBC, MCV <80 fL

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22
Q

Normocytosis

A

MCV 80-100

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23
Q

macrocytosis

A

MCV >100

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24
Q

hypochromic

A

pale cells (low concentration of Hg)

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25
Q

altered shapes

A

spherocytes
sickled cells
schistocytes

26
Q

symptoms of acute blood loss

A

hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope

27
Q

symptoms of chronic blood loss

A

tachycardia, tachypnea, slow onset fatigue, exercise intolerance.

28
Q

chronic blood loss compensation

A

renal sodium and water retention - expand plasma volume

29
Q

Requires carrier proteins

30
Q

Carrier proteins of iron

A

Ferritin

Transferrin

31
Q

Intracellular iron binding protein

32
Q

Plasma iron binding protein

A

transferrin

33
Q

Transports iron from gut or spleen to bone marrow

A

Transferrin

34
Q

Where does 90% of iron come from?

35
Q

Most common anemia worldwide

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

36
Q

Conditions of increased iron requirements

A

rapid growth in early childhood and adolescence, pregnancy

37
Q

Chronic blood loss

A

menstrual losses, GI bleeds

38
Q

Decreased GI iron intake

A

nutritional deficiencies, malabsorption syndromes

39
Q

Iron deficiency anemia indicators: labs

A

Decreased: MCV, Transferring saturation, Ferritin
Increased: Transferrin
small, pale cells

40
Q

Required for nucleotide synthesis

A

Vitamin B12 and Folate

41
Q

Vitamin B12 derived from:

A

Animal sources (meat, eggs, dairy)

42
Q

macrocytic and hypochromic

A

Vitamin B12 or folate anemia

43
Q

bariatric surgery can lead to ___

A

vitamin B12 deficiency

44
Q

autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells

A

pernicious anemia

45
Q

required for myelin formation

A

vitamin B12

46
Q

deficiency can result in sensory paresthesias

A

vitamin B12

47
Q

Involves regulatory protein hepcidin

A

Anemia of chronic inflammation

48
Q

iron builds up in gut cells and splenic macrophages and cannot reach bone marrow

A

anemia of chronic inflammation

49
Q

findings include microcytic anemia and low reticulocyte count

A

anemia of chronic inflammation

50
Q

reduces RBC life span

A

hemodialysis

51
Q

Kidney failure leads to

A

reduced erythropoietin synthesis

52
Q

fluid and electrolyte imbalances

A

anemia of chronic kidney disease

53
Q

conditions where RBCs are destroyed by spleen

A

sickle cell
hereditary spherocytoisis
G6PD deficiency

54
Q

HELLP

A

hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets

55
Q

microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

A

intravascular - small blood vessels blocked by clots

56
Q

examples of Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

A

HELLP syndrome
thrombotic thrombocytopenia
hemolytic uremic syndrome

57
Q

Bilirubin is increased in what type of anemia?

A

hemolytic anemia

58
Q

decreased in Hemolytic anemia

A

RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit

59
Q

Increased in hemolytic anemia

A

Reticulocyte count
RDW
Iron and lactate dehydrogenase

60
Q

may see schistocytes on blood smear

A

hemolytic anemia

Neoplasia/blood and clotting (5 decks)

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