Blood Flashcards
What is the yellow liquid in blood called
Plasma
What percentage of the blood is plasma
55%
What is the remaining 45% of blood made up of
Cells
What are some sub-compartments of plasma
90% water Glucose Amino acids Vitamins + minerals (AND MANY MORE)
What are erythtocytes
Red blood cells (rbc)
What do erythrocytes do
Carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide
What are leucocytes
White blood cells (wbc)
What are the types of leucocytes
Neutrophils - B cells, produce antibodies
Lymphocytes - T cells, destroy viruses and cancer cells
Monocytes - removes dead cells and bacteria
What do platelets do
Triggers blood clotting
What is one of the main functions of blood
Transport
Where are many of the substances transported by blood coming from
The digestive system
Where are many of the substances transported by blood going
To the tissues or storage areas such as the liver
Substances that cannot dissolve in water are carried by lipoproteins, what is an example of one of these substances
Fats
What is LDL
Low density lipoprotein
It appears to deposit fat and cholesterol in the walls of the arteries
What is HDL
High density lipoprotein
What does LDL appear to deposit
Fat and cholesterol in the walls of arteries
What does HDL appear to do
Prevent or reverse the harmful deposits of LDL
Red-blood cells (rbc) contain an iron-containing protein called what
Haemoglobin
What binds with haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin
Oxygen
In order to increase the space for carrying the maximum amount of haemoglobin, what do erythrocytes (rbc) not have
A nucleus
What shape are haemoglobin in order to help exchange of oxygen
Disk shaped
Haemoglobin, on the return trip from the lungs carry another substance instead of oxygen, what is this
A small amount of carbon dioxide
Blood also transports another substance, these are chemicals produced in glads - what are they called
Hormones
Are mammals endothermic or exothermic
Endothermic
We are endothermic, what does this mean
We generate our own internal temperature and maintain it
What is our optimal temperature
37 degrees centigrade
All our chemical reactions are regulated by proteins, what are they called
Enzymes
What determines our enzymes
Our genes
What happens to an enzyme if it gets too hot
It denatures
What are the 5 functions of blood
Transport Temperature regulation Exchange of materials in body tissues Preventing infection Blood clotting
Which blood cells are involved in the immune response
Leucocytes (wbc)
Pathogens will be recognised as threats by what
B-type lymphocytes, which act as antigens - they form special proteins called antibodies
Antibodies lock onto specific chemicals in the walls of the bacteria, what does this do
It immobilises them and makes them targets for the monocytes that then kill them and break them down
What is the principle behind vaccination
That lymphocytes remember particular pathogens and know how to respond to them
Viruses cannot live independently so have to hijack what to survive and reproduce
Cells
Which part of an infected cell, does a virus change
The outside
What causes many symptoms pf viral infections
T-lymphocytes recognising and latching onto infected cells which then destroy the cell
Women have how many litres of blood in their bodies
4-5 litres
Men have how many litres of blood in their bodies
5-6 litres
How many litres of blood do we have to loose before it leads to serious issues or even death
2 litres
When exposed to air or foreign materials such as glass or plastic, tiny cell fragments from bone marrow, called platelets, activate a chain reaction called what
Coagulation
What does coagulation do
Coverts the soluble blood protein (fibrinogen) into an insoluble form (fibrin) that forms a net-like structure, trapping both platelets and erythrocytes to form a clot
What happens to individuals with haemophilia
They have longer clotting times, leading to chronic blood loss
Platelets also hep activate the immune response, what does this minimise
The threat of a pathogenic invasion
If during operation or kidney dialysis, blood is passed outside of the body to machines in tubes. What has to be added to stop blood from clotting
Anticoagulants
