Block 6 Flashcards
hypospadias = assoc w/ (4)? how to tx thyroid storm? Jod Basedow?
inguinal hern, chordee, cryptoorchidism, 5a reductase defic. 4 P’s -> propranolol, PTU, prednisolone, KI. iodine induced hyperthy from amio or contrast
neuroblastoma vs pheo
<4yo adrenal medulla tumor crossing midline along symp chain; inc H/VMA, bombesin, NSE+; n-myc vs inc catechol, H/VMA, EPO -> polycy; episodic HTN; in NF1, VHL, MEN2A/B
metformin vs glizone vs amylin vs a-glucosidase inhib vs SGLT2 inhib
dec mGDP -> dec gluconeo, AMPK -> inc insulin sensitivity vs PPARy -> inc adiponectin -> inc adipocytes, TG storage, FA [O], edema/HF, women fx b/c dec BMD vs dec glucagon & gastric empty to ctrol postprandial spike vs dec carb absorb @ intest brush border to ctrl postprandial spike vs prevent glu reabsorb @ PCT
how to tx acromeg? eso varices? why total body depletion of K in DKA?
GH antag pegvosimant, D2 ag cabergoline & bromocriptine, octreotide, pit surg. Octreotide. DKA d/t T1DM -> no insulin -> low intracell K/high extracell K -> lose K in urine -> deplete
cinaclet vs selvamer vs patiromer/zirconium/polystyrene sulfate
Ca2+ sensing receptor to dec PTH prod vs PO4 binding polymer to dec PO4 absorption -> tx hypoP in CKD vs cation exchange resins binding to K in colon to excrete in feces
causes of resp acid vs alk
no breathing -> CSA, opiates, barb; no resp mm -> Guillain Barre, amyo lat sclerosis, polio; airway obstruction -> ARDS, COPD, OSA vs inc breathing -> hypervent, gram neg sepsis; hypoxemia -> altitude; mech vent
which diuretic good for HF? other fxns of thiazides? amiloride?
ACE/ARB, BB x/ decompensated, spirono, hydralazine + nitrite in select dec mortality (diltiazem inc mortality); loop > THZ, digoxin for sx. nephro DI, 2nd line for HF, inc serum Li lvls. tx Liddle & nephro DI from Li
DPP4 inhibitors
-gliptins prevent breakdown GLP-1 -> inc insulin & satiety, dec glucagon; AE nasopharyngitis; GLP1 ag AE panc; DDP4 & GLP1 need fxnal beta cells
Bowen vs Queryat. 1o testicular tumors are usually what type? epididymitis, orchitis, prostatitis causes vs sxs
shaft, leukoplakia vs glans, erythroplakia. DLBCL. G/C young, E coli old, autoimmune from Sertoli granuloma vs +Prehn; mumps, dec fert; tender enlged prostate
SERM clomiphene vs tamox vs ralox. -ozole meds vs danazol vs BPH meds
for PCOS/infert, inhib neg feed GnRH release vs ER/PR+ ca, ut & bone ag vs porosis, bone ag. aromatase inhibitor for ER+ ca vs endometriosis vs alpha1 antag/osins, 5a reductase inhib, PDE5I
dysgerminoma vs seminoma have high what? one mechanism for fetal alc syndrome?
LDH vs ALP. impaired mig of neuronal & glial cells -> holopros, heart/lung fistula
pseudohypoPTH vs pseudopseudohypoPTH vs fam hypocalciuric hyperCa2+
AD inactivating GNAS -> no Gs/AC -> resistance to PTH -> high PTH but still low Ca2+/high PO4 vs AD inactivating GNAS but w/o resistance -> nml PTH/Ca2+/PO4 vs AD defect G protein Ca2+ sensing receptor -> need more Ca2+ than usual to dec PTH -> inc Ca2+ reabsorption @ kid -> hypocalciuric
how does DM cause gastroparesis? hypoglycemia sxs? chk what before metformin?
neuropathy from sorbitol (glu to sorbitol by aldolase reductase, sorbitol to fru by sorb deH to excrete); tx w/ metoclopramide. sz, diplopia, syncope; diaphoresis, tachy, tremor, hunger. Cr b/c metformin cause lactic acid
refeeding syndrome. Sheehan vs pit apoplexy
mult feeds -> insulin surge -> hypoP/Mg/K -> sz, tremor, weakness; tx w/ aggressive electrolyte repletion. pp ischemic pit b/c hypoperfusion vs hem pit from pit adenoma
insulinoma vs glucagonoma vs somatostatinoma vs ZES/gastrinoma
Whipple 3ad -> hypogly, sxs, resolves after nmlize plasma glu; MEN1, high C peptide vs dermatitis, diarrhea, DVT, dep, decline wt, DM vs steatorrhea, achlorhydria, DM, gallstones vs MEN1 b/c panc tumor, pos secretin test
