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Control of human movement > Block 4 - The sensory systems > Flashcards

Block 4 - The sensory systems Flashcards

1
Q

How is sound conducted?

A

Oscillation between compression and rarefaction

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2
Q

Wavelength equation

A

Wavelength = velocity / frequency

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3
Q

What is the standard in terms of decibels?

A

Mean human threshold of hearing
10^12 Wm

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4
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20-20000Hz

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5
Q

At which point can the amplitude of sound cause damage to hearing?

A

140 Db

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6
Q

What is age-related reduction hearing?

A

Presbycusis - typically affecting higher frequencies

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7
Q

How many octaves of hearing are there?

A

10

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8
Q

What do tuning curves indicate?

A

Responsiveness of individual neurons to specific frequencies
The lower the threshold, the better

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9
Q

What are the 3 bones of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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10
Q

What becomes blocked when we get a cold which prevents the free movement of the tympanic membrane?

A

Eustachian tube

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11
Q

What do the bones of the ear push against, and what happens?

A

Oval window
Movement of fluid in the cochlea

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12
Q

What is the role of the middle ear?

A

Convert high amplitude/low force motion at the tympanic membrane to low amplitude/high force motion at the oval window

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13
Q

What is the stapedius reflex?

A

Contraction of muscles to pull stapes from oval window to decrease vibrational energy to cochlea to prevent damage

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14
Q

What 2 muscles are used in the stapedius reflex?

A

Tensor tympani
Stapedius

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15
Q

Name the 3 scalae of the cochlea

A

Vestibuli
Media
Tympani

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16
Q

What partof the ear converts sound to a neural signal?

A

Organ of Corti

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17
Q

What activates the hair cells of the Organ of Corti?

A

Vestibuli and tympani scalae cause vibration of basilar membrane
Causing motion of tectorial membrane
Movement towards kinocilium increases release of neurotransmitter
Increasing rate of firing

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18
Q

How does the ear discriminate between frequenices?

A

Length of basilar membrane

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19
Q

What are the roles of the inner and outer hair cells?

A

Inner - sensations
Outer - amplification

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20
Q

What is the frequency for hearing speech?

A

400-3000Hz

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21
Q

What formation detects the differences in ears in which different sounds come from?

A

Superior olive

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22
Q

Where is sound delivered to in the brain?

A

Wernicke’s area

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23
Q

How is direction of sound judged? (3)

A

Inter-aural timing delay - delay to neurons
Volume differences
Spectral colouring - pinna

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24
Q

What is defined as a false start in athletics?

A

Movement within 100ms

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25
Q

What can decrease reaction time?

A

Increasing sound intensity

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26
Q

What muscle changes the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle

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27
Q

What is the focussing power of health human lens?

A

12D

28
Q

Purpose of the lens?

A

To manipulate focusing power to accommodate image onto the retina

29
Q

What happens to the lens when you move an object closer?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Zonular fibres slacken
Rounded lens to focus on object

30
Q

What is myopia and how is it corrected?

A

Short-sighted - image focussed forward of retina
Concave shape glasses

31
Q

What is hypermetropia and how is it corrected?

A

Long-sighted - image focussed behind image
Convex shape glasses

32
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Age-related reduction in lens focusing power

33
Q

By how many times does the pupil reduce the amount of light?

A

16 fold
Pupil can vary from 2-8mm

34
Q

What muscles control the size of the pupil, and what are there functions?

A

Sphincter - constrict
Dilator - dilate

35
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

Apart of the eye that allows no light
Blindspot

36
Q

Why are photoreceptors located at the back of the retina? (2)

A

Close to the blood supply
Reduces scatter

37
Q

Describe the process of phototransduction.

A

Light bleaches rhodopsin - separating into retinal and opsin
Opsin activates PDE via G protein
PDE converts cGMP to GMP
Sodium channels close - hyperpolarise
Releases glutamate
Changing membrane potential of bipolar cell and ganglion

38
Q

Name 4 Mechanisms of adaptation to luminance

A

Pupil size
Switch over of photoreceptors
Dark adaptation
Field adaptation

39
Q

What is the lateral inhibition?

A

Stimulation of peripheral - excites ganglion
Stimulation of central - inhibits

40
Q

Why is there a three channel system for cone cells?

A

To discriminate colours at different light levels and intensities

41
Q

What is colour opponency?

A

Tricks the eye and thinks no light is entering and will produce a different colour output

42
Q

Where does the optic nerve split?

A

Optic chiasm

43
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sense of a relative position of neighbouring parts of the body

44
Q

What are the mechanoreceptors of proprioception and what do they detect?

A

Muscle spindles - position and velocity
Golgi tendon - force

45
Q

What did Fitzpatrick conclude from a test of balance?

A

First identify movement when testing proprioception

46
Q

What is galvanic vestibular stimulation?

A

Stimulus gives sense of head rotation in one direction to produce movement in the opposite

47
Q

What did a study suggest proprioception was related to?

A

Better strength, not age

48
Q

What is visual vection?

A

Movement of the train is so slow that the vestibular system has not been activated

49
Q

What do the otolith organs detect?

A

Linear acceleration and tilt

50
Q

Name the otolith organs?

A

Utricle
Saccule

51
Q

What do the semi-circular canals detect?

A

Angular velocity/rotation

52
Q

How many semi-circular canals are there, and what are there names?

A

3
Anterior
Posterior
Horizontal

53
Q

In which direction does movement increase firing of afferent of the main hair cell - what is the name of this hair cell?

A

Stereocilium - towards the stereocilium

54
Q

How is angular velocity and acceleration determined in the vestibular system?

A

Differences in the two systems = angular velocity or acceleration

55
Q

What is the function of the hair cells?

A

Detect balance and posture

56
Q

In which direction do the otolith organs sit when the head is upright?

A

Utricle - horizontal
Saccule - vertical

57
Q

Where are the hair cells located in the semi-circular canals?

A

In the capula, in the ampulla

58
Q

Why doesn’t the canals detect orientation?

A

Capula is the same density as surrounding endolymph

59
Q

What happens to the vestibular system after alcohol consumption?

A

Capula becomes lighter
Rises when lying down
Horizontal canal detects spinning sensation
Producing left beating nystagmus in the left ear

60
Q

What happens to the vestibular system after consumption of heavy water?

A

Capula becomes heavier
Sinking when lying down
Producing right beating nystagmus in the left ear

61
Q

What allows the VOR to have a very short latency?

A

Only comprised of 3 neurons
Vestibular nucleus to ocular nucleus to eye muscles

62
Q

What muscles are recruited in the VOR?

A

Left and right medial rectus
Left and right lateral rectus

63
Q

Describe caloric vestibular stimulation of the VOR

A

Ear irrigated with warm or cool water
Water causes convection current
Warm water increases firing = turn towards irrigated ear
Cool water decreases firing = opposite ear

64
Q

Describe the galvanic vestibular stimulation

A

Stimulation of electrode increases firing leading to movement towards the electrode

65
Q

What did the study of vestibular system at height indicate?

A

Smaller movements made to suppress sway

Control of human movement (5 decks)

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