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Control of human movement > Block 3 - the central nervous system > Flashcards

Block 3 - the central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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2
Q

Draw a simple diagram of a spinal cord

A

Must include:
Ventral and dorsal horn
Sensory and motor neurons w/cell bodies
Corticospinal tracts
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract

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3
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Point to point reference of a body part in the CNS

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4
Q

What tracts make up the lateral tract system?

A

Corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract

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5
Q

What makes up the medial tract system?

A

Reticulospinal tract and vestibulospinal tract

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6
Q

Pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A
  • Arises from the precentral gyrus
  • Upper motor neuron descends through cerebral peduncles
  • Decussates at medullary pyramid
  • alpha motor neurons innervate distal limb
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7
Q

Pathway of the medial corticospinal tract?

A
  • Arises from precentral gyrus
  • Descends through peduncles
  • Alpha motor neurons innervate proximal limb
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8
Q

What test is used to detect lesions of the corticospinal tract? And which tract takes over its functions?

A

The Babinski sign
Rubrospinal tract

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9
Q

What is the indirect pathway of the corticospinal tract?

A

Corticobulbar tract

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10
Q

Pathway of the corticobulbar tract

A
  • Interneurons innervate reticular formation
  • lower motor neurons innervate; pons - facial nerves, medulla - hypoglossal nerve
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11
Q

Primary function of lateral tract system.

A

Voluntary control of muscles

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12
Q

Pathway of rubrospinal tract

A
  • Arises from red nucleus in midbrain
  • decussation of ventral midbrain
  • terminate on interneurons in ventral horn
  • stimulates contralateral flexion
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13
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?

A

Reticular formation in pons and medulla

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14
Q

Pathway of the medial reticulospinal tract

A
  • Arises in pons
  • Projects ipsilaterally to spinal cord
  • Facilitates extension
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15
Q

Pathway of the lateral reticulospinal tract

A
  • Arises in the medulla
  • Projects bilaterally to spinal cord
  • Inhibits extension
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16
Q

Function of reticulospinal tract

A

Control function of involuntary muscles and organs of the body

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17
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

Vestibular nuclei in pons-medulla junction

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18
Q

Function of the vestibulospinal tract

A

Maintain balance and posture by exciting extensors and inhibiting flexors

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19
Q

What do the descending and ascending tracts of the vestibulospinal tract innervate?

A

Descending - neck muscles
Ascending - oculomotor nuclei to control eye movement

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20
Q

Pathway of the medial vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Arises from ipsilateral and contralateral medial vestibular nuclei
  • Descends in ventral funiculus
  • Terminates in cervical ventral horn
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21
Q

Pathway of the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Arises from lateral vestibular nuclei
  • Descends entire spinal cord
  • Receives inhibitory input from cerebellum
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22
Q

Evidence for somatotopy (3)

A

Jacksonian march - seizures
Ferrier - mapping the cortex
Montreal procedure - destroying nerve cells associated with seizures

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22
Q

Methods for recording the motor cortex

A

EEG
ECoG
Microelectrodes

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22
Q

What does the motor cortex represent? (2)

A

Movement direction and force

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22
Q

What technique allows you to map movement?

A

TNS

23
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination
Posture
Balance
Motor learning

24
Q

Name 3 conditions affected by cerebellar damage?

A

Hypoplasia - tremor
Ataxia - abnormal execution
Dysmetria - range of movement error

25
Q

How is cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

3 x cerebella peduncles

26
Q

Connections to and from the superior peduncle and its function.

A

No inputs
Outputs to motor - via thalamus and red nucleus
Motor planning

27
Q

Connections to and from the middle peduncle.

A

Inputs from the motor - via pons
No output

28
Q

Connections to and from the inferior peduncle and its fucntion.

A

Inputs from inferior olive, spine and vesitibular nuclei
Outputs to reticular formation, spine and vestibular nuclei
Motor execution

29
Q

Inputs and outputs of the cerebrocerebellum and its function

A

Projects to motor for motor planning
Inputs - pons via thalamus, and inferior olive via red nucleus and spine
Output - dentate nucleus to motor via thalamus

30
Q

Function of the spinocerebellum

A

Regulates body movements
Vermis - head and trunk
Intermediate cortex - limb

31
Q

Inputs and outputs of the vermis of the cerebellum and its function

A

Input - spinal cord
Output - fastigial nucleus to reticulospinal and vesitublospinal tract
Motor execution

32
Q

Inputs and outputs of the intermediate cortex and its function

A

Inputs - spinal cord
Outputs - interposed nucleus to corticospinal and rubrospinal tract
Motor execution

33
Q

Inputs and outputs of the vestibulocerebellum and its function

A

Inputs - vestibular nucleus
Outputs - muscles

33
Q

Location and outputs of the dentate nucleus

A

Cerebrocerebellum
Output - motor via superior peduncle

34
Q

Location and outputs of the interposed nucleus

A

Intermediate cortex
Output - red nucleus via superior peduncle

35
Q

Location and outputs of fastigial nucleus

A

Vermis
Output - spine via reticular formation, vestibular nucleus via inferior peduncle

36
Q

Inputs of the cerebellum (4)

A

Pontine nuclei - middle peduncle
Inferior olive - inferior peduncle
Spinal cord - inferior peduncle
Vestibular nerve - inferior peduncle

37
Q

Describe the circuitry of the cerebellum

A

Mossy fibres carry info in
Activates granule cell and cerebellar nuclei
Granule cells attach to parallel fibres
Attaching to purkinje fibres
Activated = inhibits deep cerebellar nuclei

38
Q

What is the function of the Purkinje fibres?

A

Inhibitory

39
Q

What does the climbing fibre detect?

A

Error signals

40
Q

What type of learning is motor learning?

A

Conditional learning, e.g. Pavlov’s dog

41
Q

What does simultaneous activation of sensory information and error signal result in?

A

Neural plasticity in parallel fibres leading long term depression
Inhibiting the inhibition of deep cerebral nuclei

42
Q

What is learning?

A

A persistent change based on experience

43
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiating and terminating movement
Behaviour and emotions

44
Q

Name the 5 nuclei of the basal ganglia.

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus - internal and external
Subthalamic nucleus
Substania nigra - compacta and reticulata

45
Q

What does the caudate nucleus and putamen form?

A

Striatum

46
Q

Name the divisions associated with direct and indirect input into the basal ganglia

A

Direct - striatum
Indirect - striatum via thalamus

47
Q

Name the 2 pathways projecting from the striatum.

A

Striato-pallidal
Striato-nigral

48
Q

Pathway of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus external to subthalamic nucleus
To globus pallidus and substantia nigra recticulata

49
Q

Outputs of the basal ganglia to the thalamus and its function

A

Globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra reticulata
Inhibitory - suppressing movement

50
Q

Name the three components of the cortical loop.

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus

51
Q

Neurotransmitters of the direct and indirect pathway and resulting function

A

D - GABA, GABA = facilitating movement
ID - GABA, GABA, glutamate = suppressing

52
Q

Dopamine’s action on the direct and indirect pathway and its effect

A

D - excites
ID - inhibits
Both facilitating movement

53
Q

Name 2 diseases concerned with the basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s - over suppressed movement
Huntingdon’s - over facilitating movement

54
Q

What causes Parkinson’s?

A

Loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra reticulata

55
Q

Treatment for Parkinson’s

A

Deep brain stimulation to block the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia

56
Q

What causes Hungtingdon’s disease?

A

Mutation to the Huntington gene leading to atrophy of striatum

Control of human movement (5 decks)

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