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Control of human movement > Block 3 - the central nervous system > Flashcards

Block 3 - the central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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2
Q

Draw a simple diagram of a spinal cord

A

Must include:
Ventral and dorsal horn
Sensory and motor neurons w/cell bodies
Corticospinal tracts
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract

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3
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Point to point reference of a body part in the CNS

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4
Q

What tracts make up the lateral tract system?

A

Corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract

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5
Q

What makes up the medial tract system?

A

Reticulospinal tract and vestibulospinal tract

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6
Q

Pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A
  • Arises from the precentral gyrus
  • Upper motor neuron descends through cerebral peduncles
  • Decussates at medullary pyramid
  • alpha motor neurons innervate distal limb
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7
Q

Pathway of the medial corticospinal tract?

A
  • Arises from precentral gyrus
  • Descends through peduncles
  • Alpha motor neurons innervate proximal limb
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8
Q

What test is used to detect lesions of the corticospinal tract? And which tract takes over its functions?

A

The Babinski sign
Rubrospinal tract

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9
Q

What is the indirect pathway of the corticospinal tract?

A

Corticobulbar tract

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10
Q

Pathway of the corticobulbar tract

A
  • Interneurons innervate reticular formation
  • lower motor neurons innervate; pons - facial nerves, medulla - hypoglossal nerve
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11
Q

Primary function of lateral tract system.

A

Voluntary control of muscles

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12
Q

Pathway of rubrospinal tract

A
  • Arises from red nucleus in midbrain
  • decussation of ventral midbrain
  • terminate on interneurons in ventral horn
  • stimulates contralateral flexion
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13
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?

A

Reticular formation in pons and medulla

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14
Q

Pathway of the medial reticulospinal tract

A
  • Arises in pons
  • Projects ipsilaterally to spinal cord
  • Facilitates extension
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15
Q

Pathway of the lateral reticulospinal tract

A
  • Arises in the medulla
  • Projects bilaterally to spinal cord
  • Inhibits extension
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16
Q

Function of reticulospinal tract

A

Control function of involuntary muscles and organs of the body

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17
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

Vestibular nuclei in pons-medulla junction

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18
Q

Function of the vestibulospinal tract

A

Maintain balance and posture by exciting extensors and inhibiting flexors

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19
Q

What do the descending and ascending tracts of the vestibulospinal tract innervate?

A

Descending - neck muscles
Ascending - oculomotor nuclei to control eye movement

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20
Q

Pathway of the medial vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Arises from ipsilateral and contralateral medial vestibular nuclei
  • Descends in ventral funiculus
  • Terminates in cervical ventral horn
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21
Q

Pathway of the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Arises from lateral vestibular nuclei
  • Descends entire spinal cord
  • Receives inhibitory input from cerebellum
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22
Q

Evidence for somatotopy (3)

A

Jacksonian march - seizures
Ferrier - mapping the cortex
Montreal procedure - destroying nerve cells associated with seizures

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22
Q

Methods for recording the motor cortex

A

EEG
ECoG
Microelectrodes

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22
Q

What does the motor cortex represent? (2)

A

Movement direction and force

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22
What technique allows you to map movement?
TNS
23
What are the 4 functions of the cerebellum?
Coordination Posture Balance Motor learning
24
Name 3 conditions affected by cerebellar damage?
Hypoplasia - tremor Ataxia - abnormal execution Dysmetria - range of movement error
25
How is cerebellum connected to the brainstem?
3 x cerebella peduncles
26
Connections to and from the superior peduncle and its function.
No inputs Outputs to motor - via thalamus and red nucleus Motor planning
27
Connections to and from the middle peduncle.
Inputs from the motor - via pons No output
28
Connections to and from the inferior peduncle and its fucntion.
Inputs from inferior olive, spine and vesitibular nuclei Outputs to reticular formation, spine and vestibular nuclei Motor execution
29
Inputs and outputs of the cerebrocerebellum and its function
Projects to motor for motor planning Inputs - pons via thalamus, and inferior olive via red nucleus and spine Output - dentate nucleus to motor via thalamus
30
Function of the spinocerebellum
Regulates body movements Vermis - head and trunk Intermediate cortex - limb
31
Inputs and outputs of the vermis of the cerebellum and its function
Input - spinal cord Output - fastigial nucleus to reticulospinal and vesitublospinal tract Motor execution
32
Inputs and outputs of the intermediate cortex and its function
Inputs - spinal cord Outputs - interposed nucleus to corticospinal and rubrospinal tract Motor execution
33
Inputs and outputs of the vestibulocerebellum and its function
Inputs - vestibular nucleus Outputs - muscles
33
Location and outputs of the dentate nucleus
Cerebrocerebellum Output - motor via superior peduncle
34
Location and outputs of the interposed nucleus
Intermediate cortex Output - red nucleus via superior peduncle
35
Location and outputs of fastigial nucleus
Vermis Output - spine via reticular formation, vestibular nucleus via inferior peduncle
36
Inputs of the cerebellum (4)
Pontine nuclei - middle peduncle Inferior olive - inferior peduncle Spinal cord - inferior peduncle Vestibular nerve - inferior peduncle
37
Describe the circuitry of the cerebellum
Mossy fibres carry info in Activates granule cell and cerebellar nuclei Granule cells attach to parallel fibres Attaching to purkinje fibres Activated = inhibits deep cerebellar nuclei
38
What is the function of the Purkinje fibres?
Inhibitory
39
What does the climbing fibre detect?
Error signals
40
What type of learning is motor learning?
Conditional learning, e.g. Pavlov's dog
41
What does simultaneous activation of sensory information and error signal result in?
Neural plasticity in parallel fibres leading long term depression Inhibiting the inhibition of deep cerebral nuclei
42
What is learning?
A persistent change based on experience
43
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Initiating and terminating movement Behaviour and emotions
44
Name the 5 nuclei of the basal ganglia.
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus - internal and external Subthalamic nucleus Substania nigra - compacta and reticulata
45
What does the caudate nucleus and putamen form?
Striatum
46
Name the divisions associated with direct and indirect input into the basal ganglia
Direct - striatum Indirect - striatum via thalamus
47
Name the 2 pathways projecting from the striatum.
Striato-pallidal Striato-nigral
48
Pathway of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
Globus pallidus external to subthalamic nucleus To globus pallidus and substantia nigra recticulata
49
Outputs of the basal ganglia to the thalamus and its function
Globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra reticulata Inhibitory - suppressing movement
50
Name the three components of the cortical loop.
Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Thalamus
51
Neurotransmitters of the direct and indirect pathway and resulting function
D - GABA, GABA = facilitating movement ID - GABA, GABA, glutamate = suppressing
52
Dopamine's action on the direct and indirect pathway and its effect
D - excites ID - inhibits Both facilitating movement
53
Name 2 diseases concerned with the basal ganglia
Parkinson's - over suppressed movement Huntingdon's - over facilitating movement
54
What causes Parkinson's?
Loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra reticulata
55
Treatment for Parkinson's
Deep brain stimulation to block the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia
56
What causes Hungtingdon's disease?
Mutation to the Huntington gene leading to atrophy of striatum

Control of human movement (5 decks)

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