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Control of human movement > Block 1 - Aspects of higher control > Flashcards

Block 1 - Aspects of higher control Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fitt’s law equation?

A

LOG(2A/W)
Simplified to target distance/size

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2
Q

What does Fitt’s law describe

A

Speed of movement influences accuracy of movement

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3
Q

What is the two-third power law?

A

The more curved the movement, the slower the movement is - e.g. running around the bend of the athletics track

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4
Q

How do you find the two-third power law?

A

2/3 curvature proportional to angular velocity

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of movement?

A

1 Localisation
2 Planning
3 Execution and control
4 Adaptation

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6
Q

What is space?

A

A set of points with added structures

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7
Q

Name two different spaces.

A

1 End effector space - external
2 configuration space - internal

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8
Q

What is a coordinate system?

A

A set of unique numbers that uniquely determine a point in space
End effector space - X, Y, Z
Configuration space - a1, a2, a3

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9
Q

Name the two different origins of the coordinate system and where are localised?

A

Egocentric - attached to the body
Allocentric - attached to external object

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10
Q

What is the direction of inverse kinematics?

A

End effector space to configuration space

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11
Q

What is the direction of forward dynamics?

A

Configuration space to end effector space

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12
Q

What is redundancy in inverse kinematics?

A

One end effector space can have multiple configuration spaces

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13
Q

What is kinetics/dynamics?

A

The number of torques/amount of force required to produce a certain movement

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14
Q

What is inverse dynamics?

A

Kinematics to kinetics
Using movement to determine force required

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15
Q

What is forward dynamics?

A

Kinetics to kinematics
Using force to determine movement produced

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16
Q

What equation shows the relationship between kinematics and kinetics?

A

Newton’s second law - F = Ma

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17
Q

What are the two types of control?

A

Feedforward and feedback

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18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of feedforward control.

A

+ Movement controlled without processing of external info
- Cannot correct errors
- Accumulation of errors
- Not flexible to different environments
- Cannot generalise to all movements

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19
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of feedback control.

A

+ Flexible
+ Allows for errors
+ Generalisable
- Time consuming
- Can become unstable due to high gain

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20
Q

What sensory information is required for localisation and planning?

A

Visual and auditory - for target
Proprioception - knowledge of the body

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21
Q

What are the 3 transformations to carry out movement?

A

1 Movement planning
2 Inverse kinematics
3 Inverse dynamics

22
Q

What coordinate system does localisation + planning, and, execution + adaptation take place?

A
23
Q

Monkeys

What did Cohen and Anderson demonstrate in the Posterior Parietal Cortex in relation to movement localisation and planning?

A

The saccadic region, reaching region and grasping region are all in close proximity

Therefore movement is closely coordinated by hand and eye movement

24
Q

Further to Cohen and Anderson research of the PCC, what did Bautista find?

A

Neural recordings associated with gaze direction.

Therefore planning is based around the eye-centre coordiate

25
Q

What coordinate centre is associated with movement planning?

A

Eye-centre coordinate

26
Q

What research by Raibert supports the process of movement planning?

A

Asked p’s to write a sentence using different body parts
Style was preserved
Therefore, we think about trajectory before movement

27
Q

What happens in the joint space when draw a straight line with your hand?

A

Curved line
Same occurs when drawing straight line in joint space

28
Q

What did Marasso’s study show about straight line hand trajectories?

A

Asked p’s to move hand from centre point to object
Hand produced bell-shaped curves
Shoulder and elbow produced curves with high variability

Therefore planning happens in end-effector space

29
Q

In what space does planning take place?

A

End-effector space

30
Q

What happens if you change the distance when reaching a straight line?

A

Velocity profile either increases or decreases, but the bell-shape curve remains the same

Further emphasising planning happens in the end-effector space

31
Q

What is variability?

A

Movement inaccuracies occur when there are errors in movement transformations

32
Q

Name the 3 sources of variability.

A

1 Input
2 Intrinsic - neural noise of membranes
3 Output - signal dependent noise

33
Q

What is the inverse model of the internal model?

A

Determines motor commands based on a behavioural goal

34
Q

What is the forward model on the internal model?

A

Output of inverse model is the motor command
Command sent to muscles and produces efferent copy sent to the brain

35
Q

What is an efference copy?

A

Information used to predict behaviour

36
Q

What did Graziano’s research show in motor execution in monkeys?

A

Stimulation of specific areas in motor cortex results in different movement
Stimulating reaching region showed reaching in specific directions

37
Q

Georgopulus study showed what when stimulating different neurons?

A

Each neuron has there preferred movement of direction - called directional tuning

38
Q

When is feedforward control needed?

A

Saccadic eye movement
Vestibulo-ocular reflex

39
Q

Name the 2 strategies for sensorimotor delay.

A

Intermittency - e.g. saccades
Prediction

40
Q

What is anticipatory control?

A

The use of the forward model predicts sensory feedback
Reducing time of delay

41
Q

When is feedback and feedforward control used together?

A

Feedforward to make quick movement
Adjusted by later feedback

42
Q

Process of the observer model

A

Previous state estimate
Forward dynamic model predicts current status
Copy sent to higher level
Forward sensory model predicts sensory feedback
Difference determines gain
Sensory based correction
Final state

43
Q

What type of memory is a motor skill?

A

Procedural

44
Q

What are the 4 stages of force field adaptations?

A

Initial exposure
Adaptation
After effect

45
Q

What happens to movement with the loss of proprioception? (3)

A

The longer the arm was hidden the more deviated the movement and poor timing

46
Q

How are internal models maintained?

A

Generalisation and retrieval

47
Q

What did Ghahranmnani show in skill generalisation?

A

Mouse movement slightly different to the hand
Learning
Tested without visual feedback
Used skills from learning

48
Q

What is an interference?

A

Learning must take place before contextual cue

49
Q

What is Sherrington’s reflex hypothesis?

A

All movements are obtained by combining stretch reflexes, where the brain sets a desired length

50
Q

What is Merton’s servo hypthesis?

A

Movement generated by altering setpoint of posture

Control of human movement (5 decks)

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