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Neuro Final Review > Block 4 > Flashcards

Block 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What doe the hippocampal formation do?

A

Memory consolidations

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2
Q

What does the fornix connect in the limbic system?

A

Hippocampal formation to mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nucleus and septal area

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3
Q

Where do the trigeminal nerve fibers pass?

A

Through the middle cerebellar peduncle

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4
Q

What does the internal auditory canal carry?

A

Facial & Vestibulocochlear nerves!

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5
Q

What do the pyramids of the medulla contain?

A

Ipsilateral corticospinal neurons

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6
Q

What does the PICA supply?

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery - Cerebellum & lateral medulla

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7
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply? What artery does it branch off of?

A
  • Occipital lobes, Temporal lobes and midbrain

- Basilar artery

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8
Q

What is the pineal gland a part of? What does it produce?

A

Epithalamus - produces melatonin

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9
Q

Where does the superior colliculus receive afferents from?

A

Lateral geniculate body (visual system) -

Superior colliculus is located in the tectum.

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10
Q

Where does the inferior colliculus receive afferents from?

A 
Lateral lemniscus (auditory system) - 
Located in the tectum
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11
Q

Where are the cerebellar tonsils?

A

Located near the base of the cerebellum, adjacent to the foramen magnum.

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12
Q

What do the superior cerebellar peduncles contain?

A

Efferent neurons from deep cerebellar nuclei to the red nucleus via the VA/VL thalamic nuclei - afferent ventral spinocerebellar tract

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13
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect within the brain?

A

Temporal lobes

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14
Q

What does the posterior limb of the internal capsule contain?

A

Optic and auditory radiations

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15
Q

What does the stroop test do?

A

It tests attention. You have to say the color of the word rather than the word. In people with parietal damage, they cannot do this.

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16
Q

What can damage to the posterior parietal cortex cause?

A
  • Spatial neglect (nondominant hemisphere)

- Motor apraxias (dominant hemisphere)

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17
Q

What is the main function of the parietal association cortex on the non dominant side?

A
  • Attention
  • Visuospatial localization: Searching or reaching for an object
  • Spatial relationships: binding the elements of a visual scene together into a single image
18
Q

What is the main function of the parietal association cortex on the dominant side (side specialized for language)?

A
  • Skilled movements

- Right-left orientation

19
Q

What is spatial neglect and when does it usually occur?

A

Failure to acknowledge half of the world
-Sensory systems intact
Occurs in about half of right-hemisphere strokes
-Damage to posterior parietal cortex

20
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia and what can cause it?

A

Involves gestures or use of tools in daily life

  • not being able to mime these as a patient may indicate damage
  • Caused by damage to the posterior parietal cortex
21
Q

Where are the cells involved in recognition?

A

Inferior temporal cortex

22
Q

What is an agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize or identify objects even though sensory systems are working normally

23
Q

What is one thing you forgot damage to the prefrontal cortex causes?

A

Perseveration (repetition of a behavior)

Inability to use information to guide behavior (cognitive inflexibility)

24
Q

Where is attention localized?

A

Parietal Association Cortex

25
Q

What does the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test check on?

A

Perseveration (reputation of a behavior)

26
Q

What happens to the cortex/myelination as brain matures?

A

More development of myelination & pathways (axons), More organization and “pruning” of tracts.

  • Gray matter becomes thicker over time (until age 5) and then gets thinner over the rest of your life (more mature state - ‘pruned’ connections)
  • Last areas to mature are often the first to degenerate
27
Q

What creates nociceptive pain?

A

Complex, peripheral or central reorganization of pathways -> no need for stimulus to perceive pain – may lead to chronic pain syndromes

28
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Activation of nociceptors in viscera –> perceived as a somatosensory stimulation

29
Q

Where do the FEF project (frontal eye fields)?

A

FEF -> PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation-horizontal gaze center) -> abduction of one eye and adduction of other (saccade)

30
Q

What happens with injury to the FEFs?

A
  • Loss of voluntary saccades to contralateral side
  • Deviation of eyes to side of lesion
  • Loss of ability to move gaze away from a stimulus
31
Q

What do neurons in M1 (primary motor cortex) encode?

A
  • Force
  • Direction
  • Extent
  • Velocity
32
Q

What inputs come into the primary cortex?

A
  • Proprioceptive info: dorsal column nuclei & VP thalamus
  • Tactile information from hands
  • Other areas of cortex
  • Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia (via thalamus)
33
Q

What is the FUNCTIONAL organization of the premotor cortex?

A

Dorsal - reaching

Ventral -grasping, cognitive control

34
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

A
  • Higher level of motor coordination than M1
  • More complex, multi-joint motions
  • Often stereotyped action, e.g. bringing hand to mouth and opening mouth
  • More externally drive than M1 - turns sensory cues into motor actions
35
Q

What are the more interesting functions of the premotor cortex?

A
  1. Preparation for movement
  2. Mirror neurons - same neurons stimulated when we watch someone else do an action as when we do it ourselves
  3. Behavioral context - neurons have a different response whether we’re reaching for a full or empty cup (context for emotions of others)
36
Q

What can premotor cortex lesions cause?

A
  • Problems responding to stimuli (ex: stand up when light turns on)
  • Planning appropriate movements based on circumstances (ex: going around screen to get food)
  • Learn new sensory-motor actions
  • Steer arm accurately (pure motor effects)
37
Q

What does stimulation of the supplementary motor area cause?

A
  1. Motion in multiple joints (fewer joint movements than premotor, but more than M1)
  2. Postural changes
38
Q

What is the main function of the supplementary motor area (SMA)?

A

Internal generation of movement
Activity linked to:
1. Learning sequences of movements
2. Performing sequences of learned movements
3. Mental rehearsal
–As tasks become proficient, M1 assumes control (and activity in SMA dec.!)

39
Q

What happens with damage to the supplementary motor area?

A
  1. Reduction in volitional (internally driven) movements
  2. Loss of suppression of motor programs triggered by visual stimuli
    - -Ex: alien hand syndrome: contralateral semi-purposeful movements out of patients control (picking up brush)
    - -Utilization behavior - use of objects in an inappropriate setting (excessive response to external stimuli - using demo tooth brush)
  3. Neglect of affected limb
40
Q

What is the primary motor cortex involved in?

A

Tied to the movement itself (active during visual cue and prior training)

41
Q

What is the supplementary motor cortex involved in?

A

Not active to external stimuli - active during prior training/internal stimuli (no activity during visual cue)

42
Q

What is the premotor area involved in?

A

-Responds to external stimuli
-Doesn’t respond to plan (internal)
-Some activity during visual due, no activity during prior training
“going through the premotor motions”

Neuro Final Review (11 decks)

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