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Neuro Final Review > Anatomy - Block 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy - Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Body of Optic Nerve?

A

Ganglionic layer of retina

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2
Q

What does the oculomotor nucleus innervate?

A

Superior, Inferior, Medial Rectus, Inferior Oblique, Levator Palpebrae

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3
Q

**What doe the Edinger-Westphal nucleus innervate?

A

Postganglionic short ciliary nerves to constrictor papillae and ciliary muscles of eyeball (originally from Oculomotor Nerve - CN III)

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4
Q

What foramen does CN III, CN IV , CN V1 and CN VI go through?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

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5
Q

**What are the three nuclei of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  1. Trigeminal motor nucleus (motor)
  2. Trigeminal Ganglion (sensory)
  3. Mesencephalic Nucleus (sensory - proprioception)
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6
Q

What does the Trigeminal motor nucleus innervate?

A

Muscles of mastication, tensors tympani and veli palatine, mylohyoid, anterior digastric
-Goes through Foramen Ovale (Mandibular division)

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7
Q

What does the Trigeminal ganglion innervate?

A

Face, nose, mouth, supratentorial dura (sensory)

  • Ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure
  • Maxillary - foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular - foramen ovale
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8
Q

What does the mesencephalic nucleus innervate?

A

Proprioception from head, TMJ and tooth sockets

-Runs with opthamlmic, maxillary and mandibular branches of CN V

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9
Q

What type of innervation does Abducens do?

A

Motor to the lateral rectus

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10
Q

What are the three nuclei of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A

Facial Motor Nucleus, Superior Salivatory nucleus, Geniculate Ganglion

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11
Q

What does the facial motor nucleus innervate?

A

Motor to muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior digastric, stapedius

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12
Q

What does the superior salivary nucleus innervate?

A

Goes to pterygopalatine ganglion and chords tympani to submandibular ganglion

  • Post ganglionic fibers follow maxillary nerve branches to glands
  • Post ganglionic fibers to sublingual glands, glands of oral cavity
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13
Q

What does the geniculate ganglion innervate?

A

(Sensory) - Submandibular.

Innervates Taste buds on anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate, external auditory meatus and skin back of ear

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14
Q

What ganglion supply CN VIII?

A

Vestibular Ganglion
Spiral Ganglion
(Sensory)

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15
Q

What does the vestibular ganglion supply?

A

Cristae of semicircular canals, maculae of utricle and saccule

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16
Q

What does the spiral ganglion supply?

A

Organ of corti

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17
Q

What are the ganglion of CN IX (glossopharyngeal)?

A 
Nucleus Ambiguus (motor)
Inferior Salivatory Nucleus (motor)
Inferior Ganglion (Sensory - Taste)
Superior Ganglion (Sensory) 
[all go through jugular foramen]
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18
Q

What does the nucleus ambiguous ganglion supply (CN IX branch)?

A

Stylopharyngeus muscles (motor)

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19
Q

What does the inferior salivatory nucleus supply (CN IX) ?

A

Postganglionic fibers by auriculotemporal nerve to parotid gland
-Travels from jugular foramen, to tympanic plexus, to lesser petrosal to otic ganglion

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20
Q

What does the inferior ganglion supply (CN IX)?

A

Taste buds of circumvallate papillae
Pharyngeal wall and post. 1/3 of tongue, eustachian tube, carotid sinus and body
(sensory)

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21
Q

What does the superior ganglion supply (CN IX)?

A

Cutaneous back of ear, middle ear (sensory)

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22
Q

What ganglion supply the vagus nerve (CN X)?

A

Nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor nucleus, inferior ganglion, superior ganglion

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23
Q

What does the nucleus ambiguous ganglion supply (CN X)?

A

Pharyngeal and largyngeal muscles (motor)

Preganglionic parasympathetic to the heart

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24
Q

What does the dorsal motor nucleus supply (CN X)?

A

Preganglionic fibers to viscera of thorax and abdomen (smooth muscle and glands)

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25
Q

What does the Inferior Ganglion supply (CN X)?

A

Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, esophagus, thoracic and abdominal viscera, aortic bodies and sinuses
Taste buds in epiglottis (sensory)

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26
Q

What does the Superior Ganglion supply (CN X)?

A

Auricular branch to ear (Arnold’s nerve)

sensory

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27
Q

What does ganglion supplies CN XI?

A

Accessory nucleus in C 1-5

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28
Q

What does the accessory nucleus supply?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles

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29
Q

What is primary craniosynostosis?

A

Premature closure of cranial sutures; possible due to genetics

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30
Q

What is scaphocephaly?

A

Premature closure of sagittal suture; anterior fontanelle is small or absent - long narrow head

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31
Q

What is plagiocephaly?

A

Premature closure of coronal or lambdoidal suture occurring on one side - twisted cranium - “flat head” facial asymmetry

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32
Q

What is oxycephaly?

A

Premature closure of coronal suture. Top of skull is pointed/conical.

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33
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Paralysis of facial muscles

  • Injury to facial nerve CN VII or its branches, produces paralysis of some/all facial muscles on affected side
  • Inferior eyelid evert and lacrimal fluid doesn’t spread over cornea - cornea vulnerable to ulceration
  • Affects speech, eating
  • Tumor of parotid gland could cause same problems
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34
Q

What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A
  • Sensory disorder of the sensory root of CN V
  • Sudden attacks of excruciating, lightening-like jabs of facial pain (paroxysm), may wince, tic, may have psychological disturbances due to pain (depression, suicide)
  • CN V2 (maxillary) most often involved
  • Initiated by touching trigger zone
  • Caused by demyelination of axons in sensory roots - often caused by pressure of small aberrant artery
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35
Q

How do you treat Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A
  1. Block infra-orbital foramen (V2) with alcohol
  2. Surgical cutting
  3. Placing piece of foam between V2 and aberrant artery (possibly superior cerebellar)
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36
Q

What is a TMJ dislocation?

A
  • Excessive contraction of lateral pterygoid causes heads of mandible to dislocate anteriorly, mandible remains depressed with person unable to close mouth
  • May also be accompanied by fractures
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37
Q

What happens with infection to the Parotid Gland?

A

Viral Parotiditis or Mumps

  • Pain intensifies with chewing due to compression against mastoid process of temporal bone and tightening of facial covering of gland
  • Mumps virus inflammation of parotid duct producing redness of parotid papilla
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38
Q

What are epidural hemorrhages?

A

involve rupture of a meningeal artery with blood forming a hematoma between the dura and the bone of the skull.
Involve blunt trauma to middle meningeal artery.

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39
Q

What are subdural hemorrhages?

A

Occurs between dura and arachnoid membrane

  • Involves rupture of cerebral vein
  • Usually occurs in older people and will develop over time
  • History of headache? Can often occur days after a car accident
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40
Q

What are subarachnoid hemorrhages?

A

Between subarachnoid membrane and pia

  • Involves rupture of cerebral artery
  • Blood accumulates in subarachnoid space
  • Most common cause of “just this” is a ruptured berry aneurysm
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41
Q

What does the premotor area do?

A

Motor programming or indirect motor movement control

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42
Q

What do the frontal eye fields do?

A

Voluntary eye movements

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43
Q

What does the supplementary motor area do (located on medial surface/midline of brain)?

A
  • Motor movement organizing/planning motor movements

- Cortical micturition (urination) control center

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44
Q

What type of memory is stored in the prefrontal cortex?

A

“Working memory” or short-term memory (intermediate memory)

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45
Q

Where is broca’s area and what does it do?

A
  • Left inferior frontal gyrus - Above the lateral sulcus

- Involved in formulation of speech

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46
Q

What does the right (non dominant) frontal gyrus help with (non-broca’s side)?

A

Language expression (prosody of speech)

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47
Q

What is the post central gyrus?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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48
Q

What areas are located behind the post central gyrus?

A
  • Somatosensory assciation cortex (more medial/higher) - sup. parietal lobule
  • Multimodal association cortex (integration of info) - inf. parietal lobule
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49
Q

Where are your analytical skills located?

A

Posterior parietal lobule (left)

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50
Q

Where is your visuospatial orientation located?

A

Posterior parietal lobule (right)

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51
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Back tip of occipital lobe (calcarine cortex - area 17 - lingual gyrus and cuneus)

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52
Q

Where is the visual association cortex and what does it detect?

A

Lateral, medial and inferior occipital gyri

-Color, motion, depth

53
Q

Where are the involuntary cortical eye fields located and what are they involved in?

A

A circle in the lateral occipital gyri

-Scanning eye movements

54
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Transverse temporal gyri

-Under the upper end of the lateral sulcus

55
Q

Where is the auditory association cortex and what is it associated with?

A
  • Surrounding the primary auditory cortex
  • Superior temporal gyrus/Wernicke’s Area!!
  • Language comprehension
56
Q

Where is the hippocampal formation and what is it associated with?

A

Between the temporal and occipital lobes.

It is associated with memory storage (long-term storage)

57
Q

What is the temporal lobe associated with?

A

Long-term memory storage

58
Q

Where does the long-term storage of memories take place?

A

Association cortex: [Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe]

59
Q

What areas make up the limbic lobe?

A 
Cingulate Gyrus
Isthmus of the cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Septal or Subcallosal area
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Hippocampal formation
60
Q

What is the anterior part of the limbic lobe involved in?

A

Emotional behavior and homeostasis

61
Q

What is the posterior part of the limbic lobe involved in?

A

Cortical processes of learning and memory (consolidation of memories - declarative)

62
Q

What is the insular cortex involved in?

A 
Visceral functions (smell, taste, pain) 
-It serves to integrate visceral input (olfactory, gustatory, and pain and thermal information)
63
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

A

Rostral parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, tempral pole

look at brain from underneath and it’s on the temporal lobe very close to the cerebral peduncles and optic chiasm

64
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

In lateral fissure, lateral to basal ganglia (lentiform nucleus)

65
Q

Afferent?

A

Coming toward

66
Q

Efferent?

A

Going away/out of

67
Q

Where are the afferent and efferent fibers to the cortex located?

A

Internal Capsule

68
Q

Where are:

  • Pyramidal cells
  • Purkinje cells
A
  • Pyramidal = cortex

- Purkinje = cerebellum

69
Q

UMN & LMN

A

UMN - cell bodies in CNS, end up in CNS

LMN - cells bodies in CNS, end up in PNS

70
Q

Anterolateral (lenticulostriate) arteries off the middle cerebral artery supply. . .

A

The major portion of the internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, portion of posterior limb)

71
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to understand or recognize sensory stimuli (ex: somesthetic, visual, auditory)

72
Q

Parietal association cortex

A

Involved in observing surface texture, shape, size and weight of an object

73
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness - underside of occipital lobes - agnosia

74
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to carry out a motor action in response to verbal request in absence of paralysis, sensory abnormality, comprehension deficit, disturbance of coordination (ataxia). Usually associated with the dominant cerebral hemisphere (left).

75
Q

Aphasia

A

Defect in language processing that can occur due to brain lesions.

76
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia

  • Non-fluent aphasia
  • Problem in speech formulation
77
Q

Receptive Asphasia

A
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • Fluent aphasia
  • A form of auditory agnosia in which the patient fails to recognize or comprehend the meaning of known words - “word deafness”
  • Patient will speak in nonsense
78
Q

What are the five branches of the facial nerve?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Marginal Mandibular
  5. Cervical
79
Q

What does the masseter muscle develop from?

A

First branchial arch

80
Q

Where does masseter muscle attach?

A

Superiorly- zygomatic bone & zygomatic arch

Inferiorly - outer surface of the angle of the mandible

81
Q

What is the facial artery a branch off of?

A

External carotid artery

82
Q

How is pneumoparotid treated?

A

It’s usually left to resolve on its own unless its infected.

83
Q

What is the masseter muscle derived from?

A

1st brachial arch!

84
Q

What innervates the temporalis muscle?

A

V3 - Trigeminal

85
Q

Inferior Alveolar nerve

A

Branch of V3, enters mandibular foramen, sensory to teeth of the mandible and exits at mental foramen to supply lower lip. Mylohyoid is a branch off of this.

86
Q

Mylohyoid innervation:

A

Mylohyoid muscle & anterior belly of the digastric = from 1st pharyngeal arch

87
Q

Lateral pterygoid insertion & origin:

A

Origin: inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid & posterior maxilla
Inserts: capsule of TMJ and neck of condylar process

88
Q

Where is the trigeminal motor nucleus?

A

In the pons! And runs in to join up with trigeminal ganglion.

89
Q

What does the mandibular branch go through?

A

Foramen ovale

90
Q

What does the maxillary branch go through?

A

Foramen rotundum

91
Q

The facial motor nucleus supplying the facial muscles is located. . .

A

In the brainstem at junction of the pons and medulla.

92
Q

What is the auriculotemporal nerve a branch of?

A

Trigeminal (V3)

93
Q

What is the buccal nerve (long buccal) a branch of?

A

Trigeminal (V3)

94
Q

How does the deep cerebral parts of the brain drain blood?

A

Venous tributaries –> internal cerebral veins –> Great Cerebral Vein (of Galen) –> Straight Sinus –> Confluence of the sinuses

95
Q

What are branches of the internal carotid artery?

A
  • Anterior communicating artery
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Middle cerebral artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery (calcarine artery)
  • Anterior choroidal artery
  • Posterior communicating artery
  • Hypophesial artery - pituitary gland
  • Opthalmic artery
96
Q

What is the cisterna magna?

A

Large CSF containing space between base of skull and cerebellum - right above foramen magnum

97
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

It’s located midline between the diencephalons (thalamus, hypothalamus)

98
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

A

3rd and 4th ventricles (its in the midbrain)

99
Q

What is an uncal herniation?

A

Transtentorial herniation off the inner most part of the temporal lobe, the uncus, can be squeezed into tentorium and put pressure on the midbrain

100
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid?

A

Maxillary artery & Superficial temporal artery

101
Q

What does the maxillary artery become?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

102
Q

What is the auricultemporal a branch of?

A

V3 - Mandibular

103
Q

What is the middle meningeal a branch of (where does it pass?)?

A

Maxillary artery - through the foramen spinosum

104
Q

Where are the pre and post ganglionic fibers of the otic ganglion?

A

Preganglionic fibers - in CN IX
Postganglionic fibers (cell bodies in otic) - postgang. parasympathetic (digest!) fibers are carried by auriculotemporal nerve to the parotid gland for salivary secretion
Otic ganglion - located medial to V3

105
Q

What is the pathway of parasympathetic nerves to the parotid gland?

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal nucleus (inferior salivary nucleus in medulla)
  2. Lesser petrosal nerve
  3. Otic ganglion
  4. Auriculotemporal nerve
  5. Parotid gland
106
Q

What types of receptors are found on postgang. parasympathetic neurons?

A

Nicotinic receptors

107
Q

Where is the otic ganglion located?

A

Medial side of V3!

108
Q

What is the lingual nerve sensory to?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

109
Q

What is the buccal nerve sensory to?

A

The cheek

110
Q

What innervates (motor) the lateral and medial pterygoid?

A

(Lateral & medial pterygoid nerve) Trigeminal - V3

111
Q

What do the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric develop from?

A

First pharyngeal arch!

112
Q

What does the medial pterygoid do?

A

Elevates the mandible

113
Q

What does the chorda tympani carry?

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, and special sensory fibers to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

114
Q

What is the lingual nerve a branch of? What joins it? What does it supply?

A

Sensory branch of V3, general sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue, joined by chorda tympani

115
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Protrusion and depression of the mandible

116
Q

What is the inferior alveolar artery a branch of?

A

Maxillary artery

117
Q

What innervates the buccinator muscle?

A

Facial nerve - buccal branch because you use this muscle to smile!

118
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric and is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial Nerve!

119
Q

What is the pathway from the superior salivatory nucleus to the submandibular, sublingual and tongue glands?

A
  1. Superior salivatory nucleu
  2. Geniculate ganglion
  3. Chorda tympani
  4. Lingual nerve
  5. Submandibular ganglion
  6. Submanibular gland, sublingual gland and tongue
120
Q

Where is the geniculate ganglion located?

A

In cranial cavity, not brainstem past internal auditory meatus

121
Q

Where do the taste fibers of the facial nerve have their cell bodies?

A

Geniculate ganglion

122
Q

What nerves are parasympathetic?

A 
Think rest and digest
CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
S2, S3, S4
123
Q

What is the insula involved in?

A

Visceral association functions

124
Q

What doe the septum pellucidum do?

A

Separates the two lateral ventricles

125
Q

Significance of the fornix?

A

Part of the limbic system that connects the mamillary bodies to the hippocampal formation

126
Q

What is the nucleus acumen?

A

Part of ventral striatum; located where the head of the caudate and the anterior portion of the putamen meet

127
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Ventral/under the thalamus, boarders third ventricle and gives rise to infundibular stalk

128
Q

When traveling from cortex to brainstem, where do corticobulbar fibers go?

A

Gene of internal capsule

129
Q

Hemorrhage of middle cerebral artery damages. . .

A

Internal Capsule (lenticular nucleus)

Neuro Final Review (11 decks)

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