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block 3 Anna > block 3 lecture 8 bile and plasma lipids > Flashcards

block 3 lecture 8 bile and plasma lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

lipid based molecule with a polar head and a hydrophobic tail

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2
Q

what is metabolism?

A

chemical reactions involved in maintaining an organism

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3
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

glucose is converted to pyruvate

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4
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

conversion of pyruvate to glucos

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5
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen is converted to glucose

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6
Q

what is lipoysis?

A

conversion of lipid to free fatty acids

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7
Q

what is a ketone body?

A

lipid based energy molecule

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8
Q

what is cholesterol important for?

A

hormone synthesis and the lipid bilayer

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9
Q

how are hydrophobic lipid molecules converted into amphipathis

A

adding phosphate groups

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10
Q

what is the structure of the amphipathic lipids?

A

hydrophobic on the outside hydrophobic on the inside

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11
Q

what are lipoproteins for?

A 
substrates for energy metabolism
essential components for cells
precursors for hormones
lipid soluble vitamins
precursors for bile acids
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12
Q

what are the two lipid transport pathways?

A

exogenous and endogenous

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13
Q

what happens in the exogenous pathway?

A

take in lipid in the diet and pass into your blood stream as clarithromycins

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14
Q

what happens in the endogenous pathway?

A

fats produced in the liver are altered around the body into different types of lipoprotein

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15
Q

what are chylomicfrons predominantly made up of?

A

triglyceride

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16
Q

what is the composition of VLDL?

A

lots of triglyceride

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17
Q

where are chycomocrons synthesised?

A

small intestines

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18
Q

what are chylomicrons synthesised from?

A

trigycerides, phospholipids and apoB

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19
Q

where do the chylomicrons go after they have been in the small intesting?

A

released in the lymph system

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20
Q

how do the chylomicrons get into the blood stream?

A

thoracic duct

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21
Q

what happens to the chylomicrons in the blood?

A

metabolised by lipoprotein lipase

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22
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase break down triglycerides into in the blood?

A

fatty acid and glycerol

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23
Q

what happens to the chylomicron remnant in the blood

A

picked up by apoE receptors on the liver which can process it into something else

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24
Q

what is the lipoprotein lipase expression linked to?

A

insulin

25
Q

what happens if there is a mutation in liporpotein lipase?

A

lots of chylomicrons

26
Q

what is liporpotein lipase bound to?

A

surface of vascular endothelial cells

27
Q

where do you find lots of chylomicrons?

A

adipose tissue/skeletal muscle/myocardium and mammary glands

28
Q

in the endogenous pathway where are VLDLs produced?

A

liver

29
Q

what are the VLDLOs in the endogenous pathway broken down into in the blood?

A

broken down into intermediate density lipoproteins

30
Q

what happens to the intermediate density lipoproteins in the endogenous pathway?

A

may return to the liver or be broken down into LDLs

31
Q

what happens to the LDLs produced from VLDLs in the endogenous pathway?

A

transported back to the liver or enter peripheral tissues

32
Q

what is high LDL associated with?

A

greater risk of CHD

33
Q

why is high LDL associated with thrombotic events?

A

can be oxidised which activates platelets

34
Q

what happens after perippheral tissue pick up LDL?

A

LDL is internalised by clathrin pits

35
Q

what happens to the clathrin pit vescile?

A

becomes declathrinated

36
Q

what does declathrination of the vescile change?

A

pH

37
Q

what does the decrease in pH in the vesicle do?

A

causes the destruction of LDLs into amino acids/fatty acids/cholesterol

38
Q

what is the route in reverse cholesterol transport?

A

peripheral tissue to the blood to the liver

39
Q

what do abnormalities in serum lipoprotein profile suggest?

A

problems in metabolism/liver function/renal function

40
Q

what contributes to levels of HDL/LDL?

A

diet/excersize/body fat/type 2 diabetes/genetics

41
Q

how does familial hypercholesterolemia present?

A

deposits under the skin

42
Q

what are patients with familial hypercholesterolemia at risk to?

A

cardiovascular disease

43
Q

what do statins do?

A

activate HMG Co A reductase

elevate HDLs

44
Q

what can hyperlipidemia be caused by?

A

hormones/metabolic disorders/renal dysfunction

45
Q

how is white adipose tissue produced?

A

glucose - glycerol - fat

VLDLs/chylomicrons broken down in the body by LPLs

46
Q

what is the breakdown of fat stores driven by?

A

adrenaline
noradrenaline
glucagon

47
Q

what is fat broken down into in prolonged starvation?

A

ketone bodies

48
Q

what are the two main ketone bodies?

A

acetoacetate

3 hydroxybutrate

49
Q

when do you find high ketone bodies?

A

prolonged starvation

diabetes

50
Q

what is the difference between white and brown adipose tissue?

A

white: 1 droplet
brown: lots of little droplets, mitochondria have thermogenin which produces heat

51
Q

what produces heat?

A

brown adipose tissue

52
Q

how is heamoglobin broken down?

A

haemoglobin converted to heam and globin
haem converted to biliverdin
biliverdin converted to bilirubin

53
Q

what happens to bilirubin?

A

protein bound to albumin in blood and is transported to the liver

54
Q

what happens to bilirubin in th liver?

A

undergoes conjugation with glucorinic acid

55
Q

why is bilirubin conjugated?

A

make it more soluble in water

56
Q

what happens to the conjugated bilirubin?

A

excreted in the bile duct to the small intestine

57
Q

what happens to the conjugated bilirubin in the intestine?

A

converted to urobilinogen and moved to the kidneys or removed in fecaes

58
Q

what might you see if someone has a liver problem?

A

jaundice

block 3 Anna (8 decks)

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