block 3 lecture 7 what the liver does Flashcards
what is ischemia?
restriction of blood supply to tissues
what does ischemia lead to?
hypoxia
what is metabolism?
chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state
what is glycolysis?
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
what is gluconeogensesis?
conversion of carbohydrates to glucose
what is glycogenolysis?
conversion of glucagon to glucose
what is lipolysis?
breakdown of lipids to trigyceride
what are ketone bodies?
lipid based energy molecules
functions of the liver?
protein synthesis/transamination/excretion/deamination/storage of iron
what does catabolism produce?
energy
what does anabolism produce?
compounds needed by cells
what happens to insulin and glucose levels after meals?
spike
what produces glucagon?
alpha cells
what produces insulin?
Beta cells
what does insulin do?
drives uptake of glucose from blood by cells
causes the liver to increase fatty acid, glycogen and protein synthesis
what does insulin do in muscles?
increases glucose transport, glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis
whats decreased by insulin?
ketogenesis
gluconeogenesis
what does adrenaline drive?
metabolic response to provide more energy
where is glucose produced?
in the diet from small intestine
how can glucose form fat?
glucose can by converted to glycerol
how can fat be broken down?
TCA cycle or into ketone bodies
what is protein broken down into?
amino acids
what are the three main groups of amino acids?
essential
non-essential
semi-essential
what is a feature of essential amino acids?
cant be synthesised in the diet
what is a feature of non-essential amino acids?
can be synthesised in the body by transamination
what is a feature of semi-essential amino acids?
demand outweights the ability to make them such as during trauma
what happens to amino acids when they are in excess?
metabolised
how are amino acids metabolised?
from amino acid to glucose during gluconeogenesis
or deaminated and converted to urea
what happens in transamination?
remove an amine group and put on a different keto acid
what carries the amine group in transamination?
pyridoxamine phosphate
what are the three main transaminating amino acids?
ALT
AST
glutamate amino transferase
what is the relevance of ALT clinically?
indicative of liver damage
high ALT is found in cholesasis and cirrhosis
what is the clinical relevance of GGT?
high in cholesasis
what does a high prothrombin time indicate?
liver damage
how do you get rid of amino acids?
deamination
