block 3 lecture 7 what the liver does

Question 1

what is ischemia?

Answer 1

restriction of blood supply to tissues

Question 2

what does ischemia lead to?

Answer 2

hypoxia

Question 3

what is metabolism?

Answer 3

chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state

Question 4

what is glycolysis?

Answer 4

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

Question 5

what is gluconeogensesis?

Answer 5

conversion of carbohydrates to glucose

Question 6

what is glycogenolysis?

Answer 6

conversion of glucagon to glucose

Question 7

what is lipolysis?

Answer 7

breakdown of lipids to trigyceride

Question 8

what are ketone bodies?

Answer 8

lipid based energy molecules

Question 9

functions of the liver?

Answer 9

protein synthesis/transamination/excretion/deamination/storage of iron

Question 10

what does catabolism produce?

Answer 10

energy

Question 11

what does anabolism produce?

Answer 11

compounds needed by cells

Question 12

what happens to insulin and glucose levels after meals?

Answer 12

spike

Question 13

what produces glucagon?

Answer 13

alpha cells

Question 14

what produces insulin?

Answer 14

Beta cells

Question 15

what does insulin do?

Answer 15

drives uptake of glucose from blood by cells

causes the liver to increase fatty acid, glycogen and protein synthesis

Question 16

what does insulin do in muscles?

Answer 16

increases glucose transport, glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis

Question 17

whats decreased by insulin?

Answer 17

ketogenesis

gluconeogenesis

Question 18

what does adrenaline drive?

Answer 18

metabolic response to provide more energy

Question 19

where is glucose produced?

Answer 19

in the diet from small intestine

Question 20

how can glucose form fat?

Answer 20

glucose can by converted to glycerol

Question 21

how can fat be broken down?

Answer 21

TCA cycle or into ketone bodies

Question 22

what is protein broken down into?

Answer 22

amino acids

Question 23

what are the three main groups of amino acids?

Answer 23

essential
non-essential
semi-essential

Question 24

what is a feature of essential amino acids?

Answer 24

cant be synthesised in the diet

Question 25

what is a feature of non-essential amino acids?

Answer 25

can be synthesised in the body by transamination

Question 26

what is a feature of semi-essential amino acids?

Answer 26

demand outweights the ability to make them such as during trauma

Question 27

what happens to amino acids when they are in excess?

Answer 27

metabolised

Question 28

how are amino acids metabolised?

Answer 28

from amino acid to glucose during gluconeogenesis

or deaminated and converted to urea

Question 29

what happens in transamination?

Answer 29

remove an amine group and put on a different keto acid

Question 30

what carries the amine group in transamination?

Answer 30

pyridoxamine phosphate

Question 31

what are the three main transaminating amino acids?

Answer 31

ALT
AST
glutamate amino transferase

Question 32

what is the relevance of ALT clinically?

Answer 32

indicative of liver damage

high ALT is found in cholesasis and cirrhosis

Question 33

what is the clinical relevance of GGT?

Answer 33

high in cholesasis

Question 34

what does a high prothrombin time indicate?

Answer 34

liver damage

Question 35

how do you get rid of amino acids?

Answer 35

deamination