Block 3 Lecture 30

Question 1

what is the normal set point for blood glucose after an overnight fast

Answer 1

90mg/dl or 5mM

Question 2

what is the criterion for IGT

Answer 2

between 140 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl

Question 3

what is criterion for diabetes

Answer 3

above 200 mg/dl

Question 4

what are the major organ system involved in whole body glucose homeostasis

Answer 4

skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, hypothalamus

Question 5

what happens in skeletal muscle

Answer 5

-major tissue responsible for the peripheral disposal of glucose in response to a glucose load

Question 6

how is glucose taken up in skeletal muscle

Answer 6

by myocytes

Question 7

what can glucose transport in skeletal muscle be triggered by

Answer 7

insulin or by muscle contraction associate events

Question 8

what happens in the liver

Answer 8

it plays a role is glucoregulation and storage and production

Question 9

how does the liver take up glucose

Answer 9

from hepatic portal circulation and from general peripheral circulation

Question 10

what is HGP

Answer 10

liver secretes glucose in hepatic glucose production

Question 11

what is HGP mediated by

Answer 11

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 12

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

synthesis of new glucose molecules

Question 13

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 13

breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver

Question 14

what are the 2 cell types in the pancreas

Answer 14

alpha cells and beta cells

Question 15

what do beta cells do

Answer 15

secrete and synthesize insulin

Question 16

what do alpha cells do

Answer 16

synthesize and secrete glucagon

Question 17

what happens in adipose tissue

Answer 17

storage of glucose and adipokine secretion

Question 18

what are adipokines

Answer 18

regulatory factors that have effects on cells in the CNS, skeletal muscle and the liver

Question 19

what adipokines have negative modulatory effects

Answer 19

• TNF alpha
• resistin
• IL6
• PAI-1
• angiotensin

Question 20

what adipokines have positive modulatory effects

Answer 20

-adiponectin and leptin

Question 21

what happens in the hypothalamus

Answer 21

neurons are sensitive to insulin, glucagon, glucose, adipokines, and free fatty acids which signal response in the body

Question 22

what is the result of metabolic syndrome with IGT

Answer 22

limited oxidative stress and AGE

Question 23

what is the result of metabolic syndrome with diabetes

Answer 23

major role of oxidative stress and AGE

Question 24

what are the effects of long term glucose dysregulation

Answer 24

• long term hyperglycemia can harm many organ systems and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, and the complications of diabetes
• oxidative stress
• AGEs

Question 25

what are the complications of diabetes

Answer 25

retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and vascular dysfunction

Question 26

what is oxidative stress

Answer 26

overproduction of reactive oxygen species

Question 27

what are AGEs

Answer 27

they can impair the functionality of that organ system in the tissue it affects

Question 28

how are AGEs formed

Answer 28

long term oxidative stress

Question 29

what conditions are AGEs associated with

Answer 29

retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and aspects of cardiovascular system