Block 1 Lecture 13

Question 1

what does a chemical synapse depend on

Answer 1

1. APs reaching axon terminals
2. voltage gated Ca2+ channels opening
3. Ca2+ binds to receptor protein in cytoplasm
4. Ca2+ protein complex stimulates;ates fusion and exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Question 2

how can synapse function be changed

Answer 2

amount or activity of vGLUT transporters

Question 3

how does changing the amount of vGLUT transporters effect a synapse

Answer 3

linked to protein synthesis and axonal transport

Question 4

how does changing the activity of vGLUT transporters effect a synapse

Answer 4

linked to H+ ATPase, signaling pathways and metabolism

Question 5

what does selectivity of communication depend on

Answer 5

1. which neurotransmitter

2. which receptor

Question 6

what is the NMDA receptor activated by

Answer 6

psychoactive drugs

Question 7

what is the CB receptor affected by

Answer 7

THC in marijuana

Question 8

how do you terminate a synaptic response

Answer 8

reuptake of glutamates,ate, GABA, serotonin, dopamine (neurotransmitters)

Question 9

what type of receptors are cannabinoid receptors

Answer 9

GPCRs

Question 10

what doe SSRIs do

Answer 10

block serotonin reputake sites, allowing reotonin to remain active in the synapse longer

Question 11

what effects does cocaine have

Answer 11

blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and accumulates in synapse

Question 12

what effects do amphetamines have

Answer 12

they stimulate the release of dopamine which overwhelms the process of reuptake

Question 13

what effects does nicotine have

Answer 13

stimulates release of dopamine and another substance in cigarettes block the MAO enzyme that catalyzes dopamine breakdown, stimulates nicotinic receptor

Question 14

what effects does methylphenidate (Ritalin) have

Answer 14

blocks reuptake of dopamine but more gradually

Question 15

what effects does ecstasy have at low doses

Answer 15

increases release of dopamine accounting for its stimulant properties

Question 16

what effects does ecstasy have at high doses

Answer 16

releases serotonin accounting for hallucinogenic properties

Question 17

what does THC attach to

Answer 17

cannabinoid receptors

Question 18

what does the body produce that attaches to nicotinic receptors and cannabinoid receptors

Answer 18

anandamide and endocannabinoids

Question 19

what do endorphins do

Answer 19

attach to same receptors as opiates, they inhibition’s the release of GABA

Question 20

what type of receptors are opioid receptors

Answer 20

GPCRs

Question 21

what do opiates do

Answer 21

decrease sensitivity to pain

Question 22

what happens with continued drug use

Answer 22

the system responds by desensitization and/or by reducing the number of opioid receptor sites

Question 23

how can cells diminish responsiveness to prevent overstimulation

Answer 23

receptor sequestration
receptor down regulation
receptor inactivation

Question 24

what are the opioid receptor antagonists

Answer 24

naltrexone HCl

naloxone HCl

Question 25

how does naloxone work?

Answer 25

it has a stronger affinity to the opioid receptors than opioids