Block 3 Lecture 29

Question 1

what is metabolic syndrome

Answer 1

a condition in humans where there is a clustering of specific pathologies that represent an increased cardiovascular disease risk

Question 2

what are some other names for metabolic syndrome

Answer 2

syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, cardio metabolic syndrome

Question 3

what are the main components of metabolic syndrome

Answer 3

• visceral obesity
• insulin resistance
• hyperinsulinemia
• glucose intolerance
• dyslipidemia
• essential hypertension

Question 4

what are the additional components of metabolic syndrome

Answer 4

• adipocyte dysfunction
• accelerated atherosclerosis
• endothelial dysfunction
• renal dysfunction
• hepatic steatosis
• inflammation
• hypercoaguability

Question 5

what is adipocyte dysfunction

Answer 5

dysregulation of adipokine secretion

Question 6

what is accelerated athersclerosis

Answer 6

increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

Question 7

what is endothelial dysfunction

Answer 7

dysregulation of microcircualtroy responses

Question 8

what is renal dysfunction

Answer 8

micro or macroalbuminuria

Question 9

what is hepatic steatosis

Answer 9

elevated lipid storage

Question 10

what is inflammation

Answer 10

increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 11

what is hypercoaguability

Answer 11

increased fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)

Question 12

what happens in insulin resistance

Answer 12

normal or elevated insulin levels do not elicit the expected response in an organism

Question 13

where is the primary site of glucose disposal

Answer 13

skeletal muscle

Question 14

what is hyperinsulinemia

Answer 14

a condition in which an increase in insulin secretion is brought about in order to compensate for the established insulin resistant state and keep blood glucose as close to normal as possible

Question 15

what is the oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 15

a tool used to assess the ability of the body to dispose of glucose after a glucose load

Question 16

what is glucose excursion

Answer 16

an increase in glucose above baseline following the ingestion of glucsoe

Question 17

what happens in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance

Answer 17

the glucose has a more rapid increase at onset of the test and a longer time needed for the return of plasma glucose to baseline

Question 18

what is dyslipidemia

Answer 18

rearrangement of circulating levels of specific lipids

Question 19

what happens in dyslipidemia

Answer 19

• excess plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids after a meal and while fasting
• decreases in HDL cholesterol and PHLA
• increased small, dense LDL

Question 20

what does a decrease in PHLA do

Answer 20

decreased ability to catabolize lipids in response to heparin which would contribute to excess lipid levels

Question 21

what does increased LDL do

Answer 21

promotes the formation of fatty plaques that can occlude the artery and impair blood flow

Question 22

what does dyslipidemia contribute to

Answer 22

insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 23

what is essential hypertension

Answer 23

elevations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Question 24

what is essential hypertension the result of

Answer 24

insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia causes alterations in sympathetic outflow that impacts the vasculature and the kidney to cause increase in blood volume and peripheral resistance