Block 3 - Gastrointestinal Flashcards
GIT anatomy?
GIT pathologies?
What is bottle 217 Gum?
217 Gum: Squamous cell carcinoma
129 esophagus: Candida
129 esophagus: Candida
What is bottle1984 esophagus?
**1984 esophagus: Varices & ulcertation
**
Seen here in the lower esophagus (which has been turned inside out at autopsy) are linear dark blue submucosal dilated veins known as varices. In patients with portal hypertension (usually from cirrhosis of the liver) the submucosal esophageal plexus of veins become dilated (to form varices). These superficial varices are prone to bleed.
What is bottle1984 esophagus?
**1984 esophagus: Varices & ulcertation
**
Seen here in the lower esophagus (which has been turned inside out at autopsy) are linear dark blue submucosal dilated veins known as varices. In patients with portal hypertension (usually from cirrhosis of the liver) the submucosal esophageal plexus of veins become dilated (to form varices). These superficial varices are prone to bleed.
What is bottle130 esophagus?
130 esophagus: Mucinous adenocarcinoma
What is the bottle1956 Stomach?
1956 Stomach: gastic ulcer
Sharply punched out,
What is bottle 171?
171 Stomach: carcinoma
The stomach is opened here to reveal a gastric adenocarcinoma In the U.S., most gastric cancers are discovered at a late stage when the neoplasm has invaded and/or metastasized. In Japan, where the incidence of gastric cancer is high, endoscopic screening is conducted, and more cancers are detected at an early stage. ALL gastric ulcers and ALL gastric masses must be biopsied, because it is not possible to tell from gross appearance alone which are benign and which are malignant. In contrast, virtually all duodenal peptic ulcers are benign.
What is bottle124?
**124 Stomach - linitis plastic (malignant)
**
This is an example of linitis plastica, a diffuse infiltrative gastric adenocarcinoma which gives the stomach a shrunken “leather bottle” appearance with extensive mucosal erosion and a markedly thickened gastric wall. This type of carcinoma has a very poor prognosis. The endoscopic view of this lesion is shown below, with extensive mucosal erosion.
What is bottle 1138?
1138 Small bowel: Meckel’s diverticultis & perforation
Congenital anomalies of bowel consist mainly of diverticulae or atresias which are often in association with other congenital anomalies. Seen here is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract–a Meckel’s diverticulum. Remember the number 2: about 2% of people have them; they are usually located 2 feet from the ileocecal valve.
1100 Small bowel: Crohn’s disease
**1100 Small bowel: Crohn’s disease
**
This portion of terminal ileum demonstrates the gross findings with Crohn’s disease. Though any portion of the gastrointestinal tract may be involved with Crohn’s disease, the small intestine–and the terminal ileum in particular–is most likely to be involved. The middle portion of bowel seen here has a thickened wall and the mucosa has lost the regular folds. The serosal surface demonstrates reddish indurated adipose tissue that creeps over the surface. Serosal inflammation leads to adhesions. The areas of inflammation tend to be discontinuous throughout the bowel. The endoscopic appearance with colonoscopy, demonstrating mucosal erythema and erosion, is seen below
Differences between Crohn’s vs. Ulcerative colitis?
What is bottle1196 Colon?
**1196 Colon: Segmental ischemic changes
**
The small intestinal mucosa demonstrates marked hyperemia as a result of ischemic enteritis. Such ischemia most often results from hypotension (shock) from cardiac failure, from marked blood loss, or from loss of blood supply from mechanical obstruction (as with the bowel incarcerated in a hernia or with volvulus or intussusception). If the blood supply is not quickly restored, the bowel will infarct.
What is bottle 1477 Sigmoid colon?
1477 Sigmoid colon: Diverticulitis and leakage of peri-diverticular abscesses
What is bottle 1116?
1116 Colon: Ulcerative colitis
This gross appearance is characteristic for ulcerative colitis. The most intense inflammation begins at the lower right in the sigmoid colon and extends upward and around to the ascending colon. At the lower left is the ileocecal valve with a portion of terminal ileum that is not involved. Inflammation with ulcerative colitis tends to be continuous along the mucosal surface and tends to begin in the rectum.
What is bottle 1106?
**1106 Colon: Severe ulcerative colitis
**
Here is another example of extensive ulcerative colitis (UC). The ileocecal valve is seen at the lower left. Just above this valve in the cecum is the beginning of the mucosal inflammation with erythema and granularity. As the disease progresses, the mucosal erosions coalesce to linear ulcers that undermine remaining mucosa. Colonoscopic views of less severe UC are seen below, with friable, erythematous mucosa with reduced haustral folds.
What is bottle 480.2?
**480.2 Liver - Alcoholic cirrhosis.
**
Ongoing liver damage with liver cell necrosis followed by fibrosis and hepatocyte regeneration results in cirrhosis. This produces a nodular, firm liver. The nodules seen here are larger than 3 mm and, hence, this is an example of “macronodular” cirrhosis.
What is bottle 480.1?
**480.1 Liver - Alcoholic cirrhosis.
**
Here is another example of micronodular cirrhosis. Note that the liver also has a yellowish hue, indicating that fatty change (also caused by alcoholism) is present.
What is bottle1012?
**1012 Liver: Hepatocellular carcinoma cirrhotic
**
Here is an hepatocellular carcinoma. Such liver cancers arise in the setting of cirrhosis. Worldwide, viral hepatitis is the most common cause, but in the U.S., chronic alcoholism is the most common cause. The neoplasm is large and bulky and has a greenish cast because it contains bile. To the right of the main mass are smaller satellite nodules.
What is bottle119?
119 Pancreas - hemochromatosis and atrophy
103 Pancreas: Chronic pancreatitis
103 Pancreas: Chronic pancreatitis
What is bottle 2280?
2280 Pancreas: carcinoma head of pancreas
74H2360 Gall bladder: Acute necrotising cholecystitis with cholelithiasis
74H2360 Gall bladder: Acute necrotising cholecystitis with cholelithiasis
