Block 3 Chp. 4 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
ankyl/o
A
crooked or stiff
2
Q
arthr/o
A
joint
3
Q
articul/o
A
joint
4
Q
brachi/o
A
arm
5
Q
cervic/o
A
neck
6
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage (gristle)
7
Q
cost/o
A
rib
8
Q
crani/o
A
skull
9
Q
dactyl/o
A
digit (finger or toe)
10
Q
fasci/o
A
fascia (a band)
11
Q
femor/o
A
femur
12
Q
fibr/o
A
fiber
13
Q
kyph/o
A
humped-back
14
Q
lei/o
A
smooth
15
Q
lord/o
A
bent
16
Q
lumb/o
A
loin (lower back)
17
Q
my/o
A
muscle
18
Q
myos/o
A
muscle
19
Q
muscul/o
A
muscle
20
Q
myel/o
A
bone marrow, spinal cord
21
Q
oste/o
A
bone
22
Q
patell/o
A
knee cap
23
Q
pelv/i
A
pelvis (basin), hip bone
24
Q
radi/o
A
radius
25
rhabd/o
rod-shaped, striated (skeletal)
26
sarc/o
flesh
27
scoli/o
twisted
28
spondyl/o
vertebra
29
vertebr/o
vertebra
30
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
31
ten/o
tendon (to stretch)
32
tend/o
tendon (to stretch)
33
tendin/o
tendon (to stretch)
34
thorac/o
chest
35
ton/o
tone, tension
36
uln/o
ulna
37
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
appendicular skeleton
38
bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at base of tongue)
axial skeleton
39
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton
bone
40
tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
compact bone
41
mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity
spongy bone, cancellous bone
42
bones of the arms and legs
long bones
43
bones of the wrist and ankles
short bones
44
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
flat bones
45
bones of the vertebrae and face
irregular bones
46
round bones found near joints (ex.: patella)
sesamoid bones
47
wide ends of a long bone
epiphysis
48
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
49
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
metaphysis
50
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
endosteum
51
cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
medullary cavity
52
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
bone marrow
53
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
red bone marrow
54
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
yellow bone marrow
55
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
periosteum
56
a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
articular cartilage
57
a joint; the point where two bones come together
articulation
58
a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
bursa
59
a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction
disk (disc)
60
the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk
nucleus pulposus
61
a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
ligament
62
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
synovial membrane
63
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
64
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
muscle
65
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
striated muscle, skeletal muscle
66
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
smooth muscle
67
muscle of the heart
cardiac muscle
68
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
origin of a muscle
69
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
insertion of a muscle
70
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
tendon
71
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
fascia
72
a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference
anatomic/anatomical position
73
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
body planes
74
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
coronal plane, frontal plane
75
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
sagittal plane
76
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
transverse plane
77
front of the body
anterior (A), ventral
78
back of the body
posterior (P), dorsal
79
from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
anterior-posterior (AP)
80
from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
posterior-anterior (PA)
81
situated above another structure, toward the head
superior, cephalic
82
situated below another structure, away from the head
inferior, caudal
83
toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the _________ aspect of the femur is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
proximal
84
away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the _______ aspect of the femur is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
distal
85
toward the middle (midline)
medial
86
toward the side
lateral
87
the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
axis
88
normal standing position
erect
89
lying down, especially in a bed; lateral _________ is lying on the side
decubitus
90
lying face down and flat
prone
91
lying down
recumbent
92
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back
supine
93
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
flexion
94
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
extension
95
movement away from the body
abduction
96
movement toward the body
adduction
97
circular movement around an axis
rotation
98
turning outward (ie, of a foot)
eversion
99
turning inward (ie, of a foot)
inversion
100
turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward
pronation
101
turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward
supination
102
bending of the foot or the toes upward
dorsiflexion
103
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
plantar flexion
104
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (ie, ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees
range of motion (ROM)
105
instrument used to measure joint angles
goniometer
106
joint pain
arthralgia
107
shrinking of muscle size
atrophy
108
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
crepitation, crepitus
109
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
exostosis
110
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
flaccid
111
increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
hypertrophy
112
reduced muscle tone or tension
hypotonia
113
muscle pain
myalgia, myodynia
114
bone pain
ostealgia, osteodynia
115
stiffness; stiff muscle
rigor, rigidity
116
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
spasm
117
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)
spastic
118
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
tetany
119
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
tremor
120
stiff joint condition
ankylosis
121
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 types of this
arthritis
122
most common from of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
osetoarthritis (OA), degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)
123
most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
124
acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)
gouty arthritis
125
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
bony necrosis, sequestrum
126
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
bunion
127
inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
128
softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
129
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
epiphysitis
130
broken or cracked bone
fracture (Fx)
131
broken bone with no open wound
closed fracture
132
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
open fracture
133
nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (eg, hairline fracture, stress fracture, crack)
simple fracture
134
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
complex fracture
135
the line of the break in a broken bone
fracture line
136
broken in many small pieces
comminuted fracture
137
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
greenstick fracture
138
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
herniated disk
139
bone marrow tumor
myeloma
140
inflammation of muscle
myositis
141
muscle tumor
myoma
142
smooth muscle tumor
leiomyoma
143
malignant smooth muscle tumor
leiomyosarcoma
144
skeletal muscle tumor
rhabdomyoma
145
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
rhabdomyosarcoma
146
a category of genetically transmitted disease characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common
muscular dystrophy
147
bone tumor
osteoma
148
type of malignant bone tumor
osteosarcoma
149
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
osteomalacia
150
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
rickets
151
infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
osteomyelitis
152
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
osteoporosis
153
curvatures of the spine or spinal column
spinal curvatures
154
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
kyphosis
155
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
lordosis
156
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)
scoliosis
157
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
spondylolisthesis
158
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration
spondylosis
159
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
sprain
160
partial dislocation
subluxation
161
inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis, tendonitis
162
a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; usually performed by a neurologist
electromyogram (EMG)
163
a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
164
an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
nuclear medicine imaging, radionuclide organ imaging
165
a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc
bone scan
166
an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation); commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
radiography
167
a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
arthrogram
168
a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image
computed tomography (CT), computed axial tomography (CAT)
169
ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy
sonography
170
partial or complete removal of a limb
amputation
171
puncture for aspiration of a joint
arthrocentesis
172
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
arthrodesis
173
repair or reconstruction of a joint
arthroplasty
174
procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
arthroscopy
175
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
bone grafting
176
excision of a bursa
bursectomy
177
repair of muscle
myoplasty
178
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
179
repair of bone
osteoplasty
180
an incision into bone
osteotomy
181
spinal fusion
spondylosyndesis
182
division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
tenotomy
183
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
184
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
casting
185
use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury
splinting
186
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
traction (Tx)
187
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
188
use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support
orthosis
189
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
physical therapy (PT)
190
an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
prosthesis
191
a drug that relieves pain
analgesic
192
a potent analgesic with addictive properties
narcotic
193
a drug that reduces inflammation
antiinflammatory
194
a drug that relieves fever
antipyretic
195
a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
