Block 3 Chp. 4 Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

ankyl/o

Answer 1

crooked or stiff

Question 2

arthr/o

Answer 2

joint

Question 3

articul/o

Answer 3

joint

Question 4

brachi/o

Answer 4

arm

Question 5

cervic/o

Answer 5

neck

Question 6

chondr/o

Answer 6

cartilage (gristle)

Question 7

cost/o

Answer 7

rib

Question 8

crani/o

Answer 8

skull

Question 9

dactyl/o

Answer 9

digit (finger or toe)

Question 10

fasci/o

Answer 10

fascia (a band)

Question 11

femor/o

Answer 11

femur

Question 12

fibr/o

Answer 12

fiber

Question 13

kyph/o

Answer 13

humped-back

Question 14

lei/o

Answer 14

smooth

Question 15

lord/o

Answer 15

bent

Question 16

lumb/o

Answer 16

loin (lower back)

Question 17

my/o

Answer 17

muscle

Question 18

myos/o

Answer 18

muscle

Question 19

muscul/o

Answer 19

muscle

Question 20

myel/o

Answer 20

bone marrow, spinal cord

Question 21

oste/o

Answer 21

bone

Question 22

patell/o

Answer 22

knee cap

Question 23

pelv/i

Answer 23

pelvis (basin), hip bone

Question 24

radi/o

Answer 24

radius

Question 25

rhabd/o

Answer 25

rod-shaped, striated (skeletal)

Question 26

sarc/o

Answer 26

flesh

Question 27

scoli/o

Answer 27

twisted

Question 28

spondyl/o

Answer 28

vertebra

Question 29

vertebr/o

Answer 29

vertebra

Question 30

stern/o

Answer 30

sternum (breastbone)

Question 31

ten/o

Answer 31

tendon (to stretch)

Question 32

tend/o

Answer 32

tendon (to stretch)

Question 33

tendin/o

Answer 33

tendon (to stretch)

Question 34

thorac/o

Answer 34

chest

Question 35

ton/o

Answer 35

tone, tension

Question 36

uln/o

Answer 36

ulna

Question 37

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Answer 37

appendicular skeleton

Question 38

bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at base of tongue)

Answer 38

axial skeleton

Question 39

specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton

Answer 39

bone

Question 40

tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones

Answer 40

compact bone

Question 41

mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity

Answer 41

spongy bone, cancellous bone

Question 42

bones of the arms and legs

Answer 42

long bones

Question 43

bones of the wrist and ankles

Answer 43

short bones

Question 44

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

Answer 44

flat bones

Question 45

bones of the vertebrae and face

Answer 45

irregular bones

Question 46

round bones found near joints (ex.: patella)

Answer 46

sesamoid bones

Question 47

wide ends of a long bone

Answer 47

epiphysis

Question 48

shaft of a long bone

Answer 48

diaphysis

Question 49

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

Answer 49

metaphysis

Question 50

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

Answer 50

endosteum

Question 51

cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow

Answer 51

medullary cavity

Question 52

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

Answer 52

bone marrow

Question 53

functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults

Answer 53

red bone marrow

Question 54

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

Answer 54

yellow bone marrow

Question 55

a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

Answer 55

periosteum

Question 56

a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate

Answer 56

articular cartilage

Question 57

a joint; the point where two bones come together

Answer 57

articulation

Question 58

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

Answer 58

bursa

Question 59

a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction

Answer 59

disk (disc)

Question 60

the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

Answer 60

nucleus pulposus

Question 61

a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

Answer 61

ligament

Question 62

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

Answer 62

synovial membrane

Question 63

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Answer 63

synovial fluid

Question 64

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

Answer 64

muscle

Question 65

voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton

Answer 65

striated muscle, skeletal muscle

Question 66

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

Answer 66

smooth muscle

Question 67

muscle of the heart

Answer 67

cardiac muscle

Question 68

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

Answer 68

origin of a muscle

Question 69

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

Answer 69

insertion of a muscle

Question 70

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

Answer 70

tendon

Question 71

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

Answer 71

fascia

Question 72

a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference

Answer 72

anatomic/anatomical position

Question 73

reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts

Answer 73

body planes

Question 74

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Answer 74

coronal plane, frontal plane

Question 75

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

Answer 75

sagittal plane

Question 76

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Answer 76

transverse plane

Question 77

front of the body

Answer 77

anterior (A), ventral

Question 78

back of the body

Answer 78

posterior (P), dorsal

Question 79

from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

Answer 79

anterior-posterior (AP)

Question 80

from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

Answer 80

posterior-anterior (PA)

Question 81

situated above another structure, toward the head

Answer 81

superior, cephalic

Question 82

situated below another structure, away from the head

Answer 82

inferior, caudal

Question 83

toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the _________ aspect of the femur is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip

Answer 83

proximal

Question 84

away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the _______ aspect of the femur is the area at the end of the bone near the knee

Answer 84

distal

Question 85

toward the middle (midline)

Answer 85

medial

Question 86

toward the side

Answer 86

lateral

Question 87

the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

Answer 87

axis

Question 88

normal standing position

Answer 88

erect

Question 89

lying down, especially in a bed; lateral _________ is lying on the side

Answer 89

decubitus

Question 90

lying face down and flat

Answer 90

prone

Question 91

lying down

Answer 91

recumbent

Question 92

horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back

Answer 92

supine

Question 93

bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased

Answer 93

flexion

Question 94

straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased

Answer 94

extension

Question 95

movement away from the body

Answer 95

abduction

Question 96

movement toward the body

Answer 96

adduction

Question 97

circular movement around an axis

Answer 97

rotation

Question 98

turning outward (ie, of a foot)

Answer 98

eversion

Question 99

turning inward (ie, of a foot)

Answer 99

inversion

Question 100

turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward

Answer 100

pronation

Question 101

turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward

Answer 101

supination

Question 102

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Answer 102

dorsiflexion

Question 103

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Answer 103

plantar flexion

Question 104

total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (ie, ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees

Answer 104

range of motion (ROM)

Question 105

instrument used to measure joint angles

Answer 105

goniometer

Question 106

joint pain

Answer 106

arthralgia

Question 107

shrinking of muscle size

Answer 107

atrophy

Question 108

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones

Answer 108

crepitation, crepitus

Question 109

a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage

Answer 109

exostosis

Question 110

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

Answer 110

flaccid

Question 111

increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle

Answer 111

hypertrophy

Question 112

reduced muscle tone or tension

Answer 112

hypotonia

Question 113

muscle pain

Answer 113

myalgia, myodynia

Question 114

bone pain

Answer 114

ostealgia, osteodynia

Question 115

stiffness; stiff muscle

Answer 115

rigor, rigidity

Question 116

drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

Answer 116

spasm

Question 117

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)

Answer 117

spastic

Question 118

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction

Answer 118

tetany

Question 119

shaking; rhythmic muscular movement

Answer 119

tremor

Question 120

stiff joint condition

Answer 120

ankylosis

Question 121

inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 types of this

Answer 121

arthritis

Question 122

most common from of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

Answer 122

osetoarthritis (OA), degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Question 123

most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity

Answer 123

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Question 124

acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)

Answer 124

gouty arthritis

Question 125

bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture

Answer 125

bony necrosis, sequestrum

Question 126

swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

Answer 126

bunion

Question 127

inflammation of a bursa

Answer 127

bursitis

Question 128

softening of cartilage

Answer 128

chondromalacia

Question 129

inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone

Answer 129

epiphysitis

Question 130

broken or cracked bone

Answer 130

fracture (Fx)

Question 131

broken bone with no open wound

Answer 131

closed fracture

Question 132

compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound

Answer 132

open fracture

Question 133

nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (eg, hairline fracture, stress fracture, crack)

Answer 133

simple fracture

Question 134

displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

Answer 134

complex fracture

Question 135

the line of the break in a broken bone

Answer 135

fracture line

Question 136

broken in many small pieces

Answer 136

comminuted fracture

Question 137

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Answer 137

greenstick fracture

Question 138

protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

Answer 138

herniated disk

Question 139

bone marrow tumor

Answer 139

myeloma

Question 140

inflammation of muscle

Answer 140

myositis

Question 141

muscle tumor

Answer 141

myoma

Question 142

smooth muscle tumor

Answer 142

leiomyoma

Question 143

malignant smooth muscle tumor

Answer 143

leiomyosarcoma

Question 144

skeletal muscle tumor

Answer 144

rhabdomyoma

Question 145

malignant skeletal muscle tumor

Answer 145

rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 146

a category of genetically transmitted disease characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common

Answer 146

muscular dystrophy

Question 147

bone tumor

Answer 147

osteoma

Question 148

type of malignant bone tumor

Answer 148

osteosarcoma

Question 149

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency

Answer 149

osteomalacia

Question 150

osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity

Answer 150

rickets

Question 151

infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation

Answer 151

osteomyelitis

Question 152

condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily

Answer 152

osteoporosis

Question 153

curvatures of the spine or spinal column

Answer 153

spinal curvatures

Question 154

abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)

Answer 154

kyphosis

Question 155

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

Answer 155

lordosis

Question 156

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)

Answer 156

scoliosis

Question 157

forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra

Answer 157

spondylolisthesis

Question 158

stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration

Answer 158

spondylosis

Question 159

injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture

Answer 159

sprain

Question 160

partial dislocation

Answer 160

subluxation

Question 161

inflammation of a tendon

Answer 161

tendinitis, tendonitis

Question 162

a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; usually performed by a neurologist

Answer 162

electromyogram (EMG)

Question 163

a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders

Answer 163

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 164

an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes

Answer 164

nuclear medicine imaging, radionuclide organ imaging

Question 165

a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc

Answer 165

bone scan

Question 166

an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation); commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints

Answer 166

radiography

Question 167

a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium

Answer 167

arthrogram

Question 168

a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image

Answer 168

computed tomography (CT), computed axial tomography (CAT)

Question 169

ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy

Answer 169

sonography

Question 170

partial or complete removal of a limb

Answer 170

amputation

Question 171

puncture for aspiration of a joint

Answer 171

arthrocentesis

Question 172

binding or fusing of joint surfaces

Answer 172

arthrodesis

Question 173

repair or reconstruction of a joint

Answer 173

arthroplasty

Question 174

procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within

Answer 174

arthroscopy

Question 175

transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect

Answer 175

bone grafting

Question 176

excision of a bursa

Answer 176

bursectomy

Question 177

repair of muscle

Answer 177

myoplasty

Question 178

internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins

Answer 178

open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture

Question 179

repair of bone

Answer 179

osteoplasty

Question 180

an incision into bone

Answer 180

osteotomy

Question 181

spinal fusion

Answer 181

spondylosyndesis

Question 182

division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle

Answer 182

tenotomy

Question 183

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing

Answer 183

closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture

Question 184

use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing

Answer 184

casting

Question 185

use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury

Answer 185

splinting

Question 186

application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing

Answer 186

traction (Tx)

Question 187

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing

Answer 187

closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture

Question 188

use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone’s position or to provide limb support

Answer 188

orthosis

Question 189

treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound

Answer 189

physical therapy (PT)

Question 190

an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint

Answer 190

prosthesis

Question 191

a drug that relieves pain

Answer 191

analgesic

Question 192

a potent analgesic with addictive properties

Answer 192

narcotic

Question 193

a drug that reduces inflammation

Answer 193

antiinflammatory

Question 194

a drug that relieves fever

Answer 194

antipyretic

Question 195

a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis

Answer 195

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)