Block 1 Chp. 12 GI Flashcards by Macy Pike

abdomin/o

abdomen

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celi/o

abdomen

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lapar/o

abdomen

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an/o

anus

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appendic/o

appendix

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bil/i

bile

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chol/e

bile

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bucc/o

cheek

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cheil/o

lip

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col/o, colon/o

colon

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cyst/o

bladder, sac

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dent/i

teeth

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doch/o

duct

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duoden/o

duodenum

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enter/o

small intestine

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esophag/o

esophagus

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gastr/o

stomach

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gingiv/o

gum

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gloss/o

tongue

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lingu/o

tongue

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hepat/o, hepatic/o

liver

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herni/o

hernia

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ile/o

ileum

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jejun/o

jejunum (empty)

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lith/o

stone

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or/o

mouth

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stomat/o

mouth

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pancreat/o

pancreas

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peritone/o

peritoneum

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phag/o

eat, swallow

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proct/o

anus, rectum

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pylor/o

pylorus (gatekeeper)

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rect/o

rectum

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sial/o

saliva

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sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon (resembles)

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steat/o

fat

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NAME?

vomiting

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cavity that receives food for digestion

oral cavity or mouth

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three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, the submandibular (submaxillary), and the sublingual glands

salivary glands

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lateral walls of the mouth

cheeks

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fleshy structures surrounding the mouth

lips

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structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided in to the hard and the soft

palate

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small projection hanging from teh back middle edge of he soft palate

uvula

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muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum

tongue

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tissue covering the processes of the jaws

gums

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hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating food

teeth

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throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx

pharynx

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muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

esophagus

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sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus

stomach

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opening from the esophagus to the stomach

cardiac sphincter

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opening from the stomach into the duodenum

pyloric sphincter

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smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach

small intestine

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first portion of the small intestine

duodenum

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second portion of the small intestine

jejunum

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third portion of the small intestin

ileum

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larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation

large intestine

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first part of the large intestine

cecum

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worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection

vermiform appendix

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portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape

colon

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portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum

ascending colon

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portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum

transverse colon

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portion of the colon that extends downward from teh transcerse colon

descending colon

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portion of the colon (resembling an “S” in shape) that terminates at the rectum

sigmoid colon

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distal (end) portion of the large intestine

rectum

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dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal

rectal ampulla

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opening of the rectum to the outside of the body

anus

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waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid

feces

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evacuation of feces from the rectum

defecation

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membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)

peritoneum

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space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

peritoneal cavity

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an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs

omentum

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organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion

liver

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receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in thd liver

gallbladder

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gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food

pancreas

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ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts

biliary ducts

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upper lateral regions beneath the ribs

hypochondriac regions

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upper middle region below the sternum

epigastric region

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middle lateral regions

lumbar regions

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region of the navel

umbilical region

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lower lateral groin regions

inguinal regions

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region below the navel

hypogastric region

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loss of appetite

anorexia

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inability to swallow

aphagia

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accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

ascites

in the cheek

buccal

frequent loose or liquid stools

diarrhea

infrequent of incomplete bowel movement characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass

constipation

indigestion

dyspepsia

difficulty in swallowing

dysphagia

belch

eructation

gas in the stomach or intestines

flatulence

bad breath

halitosis

vomiting blood

hematemesis

red blood in stool

hematochezia

enlargement of the liver

hepatomegaly

excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood

hyperbilirubinemia

yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood

jaundice, icterus

dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood

melena

feeling sick in the stomach

nausea

feces containing fat

steatorrhea

under the tongue

sublingual, hypoglossal

tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum

ankyloglossia

inflammation of the lip

cheilitis

swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhate

esophageal varices

inflammation of the esophagus

esophagitis

inflammation of the stomach

gastritis

backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

inflammation of the gums

gingivitis

inflammation of the tongue

glossitis

inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps

parotiditis, parotitis

sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

ulcer located in the stomach

gastric ulcer

ulcer located in the duodenum

duodenal ulcer

narrowed condition of the pylorus

pyloric stenosis

inflammation of the a salivary gland

sialoadenitis

inflammation of teh mouth

stomatitis

an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum

anal fistula

inflammation of the appendix

appendicitis

inflammation of the colon (large intestine)

colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations

ulcerative colitis

benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignanacy

colorectal polyps

polyp projected on a stalk

pediculated polyp

polyp lying flat on a the surface

sessile polyp

an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber

diverticulum

presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon

diverticulosis

inflammation of diverticula

diverticulitis

inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa

dysentery

inflammation of the small intestine

enteritis

swollen, twisted vein in the anal region

hemorrhoid

protrusion of a part from its normal location

hernia

protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm

hiatal hernia

protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region

inguinal hernia

hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction

incarcerated hernia

hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous

strangulated hernia

protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)

umbilical hernia

inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine

ileitis

prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part

intussusception

inflammation of the peritoneum

peritonitis

inflammation of the rectum and the anus

proctitis

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

volvulus

inflammation of the bile ducts

cholangitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

presence of stones in the common bile duct

choledocholithiasis

presence of stones in the gallbladder of bile ducts

cholelithiasis

chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency

cirrhosis

inflammation of the liver

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water

hepatitis A

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

hepatitis B

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually

hepatitis C

inflammation of the pancreas

pancreatitis

removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination

biopsy (Bx)

removal of a portion of a lesion for study

incisional biopsy

removal of an entire lesion for study

excisional biopsy

percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid for study using a special, hollow needle

needle biopsy

examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the GI tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions

endoscopy

examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope

colonoscopy

examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope

proctoscopy

examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope

sigmoidoscopy

examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine because of its length and complexity

capsule endoscopy

endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissues samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions, etc.

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery

laparoscopy

nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract

radiography

x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium

upper gastrointestinal (GI) series

x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects

barium swallow

x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion

fluoroscopy

x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series

small bowel series

x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium

lower gastrointestinal (GI) series, barium enema

x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery

cholangiogram

x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine

cholecystogram

cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract

computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen

ultrasound imaging

sonography

ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures

abdominal sonogram

images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle biopsy of tissue and in determining the stage of a malignancy

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed

stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)

chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract

stool occult blood study

puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid

abdominocentesis

puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites)

abdominal paracentesis

excision of an anal fistula

anal fistulectomy

union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery

anastomosis

excision of a diseased appendix

appendectomy

treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food

bariatric surgery

repair of the lip

cheiloplasty

excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease

cholecystectomy

excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a disease portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions

colostomy

repair of the esophagus

esophagoplasty

partial or complete removal of the stomach

gastrectomy

partial removal and repair of the stomach

gastric resection

formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duedenal ulcer

gastroenterostomy

excision of all or part of the tongue

glossectomy

suture of the tongue

glossorrhaphy

excision of hemorrhoids

hemorrhoidectomy

excision of a lobe of the liver

hepatic lobectomy

repair of a hernia

herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty

surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel dieseases

ileostomy

abdominal surgery using a laparoscope

laparoscopic surgery

incision into the abdomen

laparotomy

excision of the pancreas

pancreatectomy

excision of polyps

polypectomy

repair of the anus and rectum

proctoplasty

oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding

gastric lavage

insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis

nasogastric (NG) intubation

drug that neutralizes stomach acid

antacid

drug that prevents or stops vomiting

antiemetic

drug that decreases motility in the GI tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea

antispasmodic

drug that causes movement of the bowels

cathartic, laxative

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Block 1 Chp. 12 GI Flashcards

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