Block 2: Week 1- Patterns of Health & Inequality COPY Flashcards
What are lay beliefs and where do health beliefs come from?
Rooted in socio-cultural contexts in which we live
Shaped by people’s:
- Place in society
- Culture
- Personal biography (experience)
- Social identify eg: ender, sexuality, ethnicity, occupation
Can be informed by medical and health knowledge
What is the important of culture?
Define culture
Culture: Values, norms, and traditions that affect how individuals of a particular group perceive, think, interact, behave, and make judgments about their world (Chamberlain 2005 p197)
Culture shapes the way we think, feel & experience our lives
We have multiple cultures
Knowing why a patient believes something/ patients lay beliefs may be strongly associated with their culture
Why are lay beliefs important to you as a Dr?
• Insights into needs of your patients:
- Information and support
•Influence health seeking behaviour:
– How people respond to symptoms
– Decisions about consulting
– Expectations about treatment
– Concordance with treatment plans
What is the symptom iceberg?
1/3 will see a GP
2/3: Do nothing, self medicate, consult someone else
This may not be appropriate all the time for everyone
What are the three areas which affect people’s decision to consult a DR?
1) Perception of symptoms:
* How familar & serious are the symptoms
2) Explanation of symptoms:
* In the context of everyday life. Eg: headache randomly in the moning vs headache post drinking in the morning
3) Evaluation of symptoms:
- The cost vs benefit of seeking help.
- What will the doctor think of them
- Are the symptoms serious enough to see the Dr
- Gender and health seeking behaviours
What are the social triggers to seeking medical help?
(Zola 1973)
1) Interference with social and personal relationships
* Eg: eczema and starting a new relationship
2) Interference with vocational or physical activity
3) ‘Sanctioning’ by others – influence of lay referral system
* Around 50% consult a doctor on recommendation of friends and family
4) A ‘temporalising’ of symptomology
* People setting a personal deadline for symptoms to resolve
5) Interpersonal crisis
What are health behaviours?
What are the three types & give examples
“Behaviours that are related to the health status of the individual” (Ogden, 2007)
1) Good health behaviours: Sleeping (7-8 hours), regular exercise, healthy eating, eating breakfast every day etc…
2) Health protective behaviours: Wearing a seatbelt, attending regular check-ups, health screening etc…
3) Health impairing habits: Smoking, eating a high fat diet, alcohol abuse etc…
What is the dual pathway model?
Psychological Processes affect Physical Health in two ways:
- Direct Path
- Indirect Path
What is the Bio-Psycho-Social Model?
There is interaction between all three
What are the determinants of the health behaviour?
1) Background factors
2) Stable factors:
3) Social factors:
4) Situational factors:
What are stable factors?
Individual differences/ Personality
Variation between people
What are the 3 types of individual differences?
What are the temporal dimension?
Emotional dispositions: Psychological processes involved in both the experience and expression
- Present
Generalised expectancies: Psychological processes involved in formulating expectations in relation to future outcomes
- Future
Explanatory styles: Psychological processes involved in explaining the causes of negative events
- Past
What are the Emotional Dispositions- five personality traits?
OCEAN
What is generalised expectancies- Locus of Control?
Locus of control: Expectiation that future outcomes will be determined by either internal or external factors
What is generalised expectancies- Self efficacy?
Belief in one’s own ability to organise & execute a course of action and the expectation that the action will result in or lead to a desired outcome
