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MHD2 > Block 10 - Histology 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

Block 10 - Histology 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

1
Q

On a section of ovarian cortex, how do the stroma and follicles appear?

A

The follicles are small circular structures embedded in the stroma.

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2
Q

What lines the ovarian cortex?

A

Mesothelium (aka germinal epithelium)

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3
Q

List the stages of the ovarian follicle.

A
  1. Primoridal follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Graafian follicle
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4
Q

What is the difference between a primoridal and primary ovarian follicle?

A

Primordial - prior to puberty

Primary - after puberty

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5
Q

Describe the structure of a primary ovarian follicle.

A

Primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous (granulosa) cells embedded in ovarian stroma

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a secondary ovarian follicle.

A

Increased thickness of granulosa cells and formation of the theca folliculi (stroma cells around the follicle)

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7
Q

Describe the structure of a mature Graafian (pre-ovulatory) follicle.

A
  1. Large antrum filled with fluid (liquor folliculi)
  2. Granulosa cells directly surround the oocyte
  3. Just prior to release, the oocyte resumes meiosis and then arrests as a secondary oocyte
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8
Q

The mature Graafian follicle releases the oocyte in response to what signal?

A

LH surge

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9
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Granulosa cells that directly surround the oocyte in a mature Graafian follicle

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10
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

A hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary (from the remaining wall of the Graafian follicle) after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun.

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the corpus luteum.

A

The wall is folded and contains granulosa lutein cells (derived from granulosa cells).

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12
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

Progesterone

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13
Q

In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, decreases in size, and forms the ___.

A

Corpus albicans

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14
Q

Describe the structure and appearance of the corpus albicans on H&E.

A

Dense connective tissue; appears as an amorphous pink blob

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15
Q

What are the fallopian tubes?

A

Two open-ended tubes that receive the ovum and provide the ideal environment for fertilization

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16
Q

Fertilization occurs most often in the ___.

A

Ampulla

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17
Q

The wall of the fallopian tubes is composed of what three layers?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis layer
  3. Serosal layer
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18
Q

What cells make up the mucosa of the fallopian tubes?

A
  1. Ciliated cells

2. Secretory (peg) cells

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19
Q

What is the role of the ciliated cells of the fallopian tubes?

A

Help sweep the oocyte towards the uterus

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20
Q

What is the role of the non-ciliated peg cells of the fallopian tubes?

A

Produce secretions to promote the oocyte and promote fertilization

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21
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Relatively large organ between the fallopian tubes and the vagina that functions as the site of implanatation and placentation

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22
Q

What are the three anatomic regions of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Cervix
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23
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Serosa
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24
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium of the utuers?

A
  1. Functionalis

2. Basalis

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25
Q

What is the function of the functionalis of the endometrium?

A

Gland near the lumen that responds to hormones; shed during menstruation

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26
Q

What is the function of the basalis of the endometrium?

A

Produces new cells to replace the endometrium that was shed during menstruation

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27
Q

Describe the major changes of the endometrium through the menstrual cycle.

A
  1. Menstruation
  2. Proliferative phase (endometrium is growing + follicle is developing into a Graafian follicle)
  3. Ovulation (oocyte released)
  4. Secretory phase (glands prepare for implanation)
  5. Corpus luteus forms and regresses if implantation does not occur
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28
Q

Describe the appearance of the endometrium during the proliferative phase.

A
  1. Early post-menstrual phase - sparse glands, predominant basalis
  2. Early proliferative - endometrium thicker under the influence of estrogen, glands are straight and thin
  3. Lateral proliferative - darker more compact basal layer
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29
Q

Describe the appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase.

A

Glands become tortuous and more curvilinear under the effect of progesterone; mucoid secretions are stored within the glands, pending a possible embryo implantation

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30
Q

What is the curvix?

A

Lower part of the uterus that bulges into the vagina

31
Q

What cells make up the endocervix?

A

Simple columnar glands

32
Q

What cells make up the ectocervix?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

33
Q

Describe the transitional zone of the cervix.

A

Simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix with overlying non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix

34
Q

What are the breasts (mammary glands)?

A

Two multi-lobed mammary glands (compound tubuloalveolar glands) embedded in the connective and adipose tissue

35
Q

List the flow of milk through the mammary glands.

A
  1. Milk is produced by the secretory alveoli, which drains into the intralobular ducts
  2. Interlobular ducts
  3. Lactiferous sinuses
  4. Lactiferous ducts
  5. Nipple
36
Q

What makes up the majority of the glandular tissue of the breasts?

A

Intralobular ducts

37
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the intralobular ducts.

A
  1. Cuboidal epithelial cells

2. Myoepithelial cells (clearer cytoplasm, squeeze the gland)

38
Q

Describe the pathway for sperm conduction through the genital ducts.

A
  1. Spermatozoa leave the seminiferous tubules via the tubule recti
  2. Rete testis and efferent ductules (lead to the extra-testicular ducts)
  3. Ductus epididymis
  4. Ductus/vas deferns
  5. Ejaculatory ducts of the prostate
  6. Urethra
39
Q

Describe the components of the seminiferous tubules.

A
  1. Germinal epithelium

2. Basement membrane

40
Q

Describe the components of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.

A
  1. Various stages of spermatogenic cells (germ cells)

2. Sertoli cells (supporting cells)

41
Q

What are the functions of Sertoli cells?

A
  1. Blood-testis barrier

2. Secrete fructose, androgen binding protein, anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin, and activin

42
Q

Describe the components of the connective tissue in between the seminiferous tubules.

A
  1. Tubuli recti
  2. Vessels
  3. Leydig cells
43
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A

Secrete testosterone

44
Q

How do Sertoli cells appear on H&E stain?

A

Cells with dark nucleoli, located in the seminiferous tubules

45
Q

How do Leydig cells appear on H&E stain?

A

Cells with pale abundant cytoplasm with many granules located outside of the seminiferous tubules

46
Q

Describe the components of the prostate.

A

Branched tubuloalveolar glands lined by simple columnar epithelium that is highly folded creating an irregular lumen

47
Q

What is found in the lumen of tubuloalveolar glands?

A

Prostatic secretions, including corpora amylacea

48
Q

How does the penis appear in cross-section?

A
  1. Corpus spongiosum (erectile tissue, surrounds urethra)

2. Corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue with a rich vascular supply)

49
Q

Contrast the appearance of the pituitary gland on H&E stain.

A
  1. Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis, pars distalis) - stains red-blue
  2. Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypohpysis, pars nervosa) - stains pale
50
Q

List the three cells of the adenohypophysis and how they stain on H&E.

A
  1. Acidophils (stain red)
  2. Basophils (stain blue)
  3. Chromophobes (stain pale)
51
Q

What do acidophils secrete?

A

Growth hormone and prolactin

52
Q

What do basophils secrete?

A

TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH

53
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

Undifferentiated cells

54
Q

The neurohypophysis resembles ___ tissue. What is contained in it?

A

Neural; glial cells, nerve fibers, nerve endings, intra-axonal neurosecretory granules

55
Q

Precursors are ___ and ___ are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary, where processing is completed.

A

ADH (vasopressin); oxytocin

56
Q

What are Hering bodies?

A

Large dilated axon terminal endings filled with accumulated neurosecretory granules in the posterior pituitary

57
Q

How does a thyroid follicle appear on H&E?

A

Follicles are lined with a low cuboidal follicular epithelium and filled with colloid (pink homogenous material)

58
Q

What is found between follicles and what is their role?

A

Parafollicular cells (C-cells); secrete calcitonin

59
Q

How does the parathyroid gland appear on low power H&E?

A

Random cords of cells; lobulated in appearance, adipose tissue intermingled with secretory portions

60
Q

What are the two cell types of the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Chief cells

2. Oxyphil cells

61
Q

What is the role of the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Chief cells - secrete PTH

2. Oxyphil cells - function is unclear

62
Q

Describe the appearance of chief and oxyphil cells.

A
  1. Chief cells - large round nuclei with a small amount of clear cytoplasm
  2. Oxyphil cells - smaller, darker nuclei, relatively large amount of cytoplasm
63
Q

How does the adrenal gland appear on H&E stain?

A
  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Fibrous capsule
  3. Cortex
  4. Medulla
64
Q

What is contained in the medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

Chromaffin cells (secrete EPI and NE)

65
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
66
Q

What is secreted in each of the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  2. Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids - cortisol, corticosterone)
  3. Zona reticularis (androgens - dehydroepiandrosterone)
67
Q

How do the Islets of Langerhans appear in the endocrine pancreas on H*E stain?

A

Pale clumps of cells

68
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Delta
  4. PP
69
Q

What is secreted by alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

70
Q

What is secreted by beta cells?

A

Insulin

71
Q

What is secreted by delta cells?

A

Somatostatin and gastrin

72
Q

What is secreted by PP cells?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

73
Q

List the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and the cell type by which they are each secreted.

A
  1. TSH (thyrotrophs)
  2. FSH (gonadotropin)
  3. LH (gonadotropin)
  4. ACTH (corticotrophs)
  5. GH (somatotrophs)
  6. PRL (lactotrophs)

MHD2 (34 decks)

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