Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MHD2 > Block 10 - Histology 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

Block 10 - Histology 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

1
Q

On a section of ovarian cortex, how do the stroma and follicles appear?

A

The follicles are small circular structures embedded in the stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What lines the ovarian cortex?

A

Mesothelium (aka germinal epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the stages of the ovarian follicle.

A
  1. Primoridal follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Graafian follicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between a primoridal and primary ovarian follicle?

A

Primordial - prior to puberty

Primary - after puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the structure of a primary ovarian follicle.

A

Primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous (granulosa) cells embedded in ovarian stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of a secondary ovarian follicle.

A

Increased thickness of granulosa cells and formation of the theca folliculi (stroma cells around the follicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the structure of a mature Graafian (pre-ovulatory) follicle.

A
  1. Large antrum filled with fluid (liquor folliculi)
  2. Granulosa cells directly surround the oocyte
  3. Just prior to release, the oocyte resumes meiosis and then arrests as a secondary oocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The mature Graafian follicle releases the oocyte in response to what signal?

A

LH surge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Granulosa cells that directly surround the oocyte in a mature Graafian follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

A hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary (from the remaining wall of the Graafian follicle) after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the structure of the corpus luteum.

A

The wall is folded and contains granulosa lutein cells (derived from granulosa cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, decreases in size, and forms the ___.

A

Corpus albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the structure and appearance of the corpus albicans on H&E.

A

Dense connective tissue; appears as an amorphous pink blob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the fallopian tubes?

A

Two open-ended tubes that receive the ovum and provide the ideal environment for fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fertilization occurs most often in the ___.

A

Ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The wall of the fallopian tubes is composed of what three layers?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis layer
  3. Serosal layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cells make up the mucosa of the fallopian tubes?

A
  1. Ciliated cells

2. Secretory (peg) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of the ciliated cells of the fallopian tubes?

A

Help sweep the oocyte towards the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of the non-ciliated peg cells of the fallopian tubes?

A

Produce secretions to promote the oocyte and promote fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Relatively large organ between the fallopian tubes and the vagina that functions as the site of implanatation and placentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three anatomic regions of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium of the utuers?

A
  1. Functionalis

2. Basalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the function of the functionalis of the endometrium?
Gland near the lumen that responds to hormones; shed during menstruation
26
What is the function of the basalis of the endometrium?
Produces new cells to replace the endometrium that was shed during menstruation
27
Describe the major changes of the endometrium through the menstrual cycle.
1. Menstruation 2. Proliferative phase (endometrium is growing + follicle is developing into a Graafian follicle) 3. Ovulation (oocyte released) 4. Secretory phase (glands prepare for implanation) 5. Corpus luteus forms and regresses if implantation does not occur
28
Describe the appearance of the endometrium during the proliferative phase.
1. Early post-menstrual phase - sparse glands, predominant basalis 2. Early proliferative - endometrium thicker under the influence of estrogen, glands are straight and thin 3. Lateral proliferative - darker more compact basal layer
29
Describe the appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase.
Glands become tortuous and more curvilinear under the effect of progesterone; mucoid secretions are stored within the glands, pending a possible embryo implantation
30
What is the curvix?
Lower part of the uterus that bulges into the vagina
31
What cells make up the endocervix?
Simple columnar glands
32
What cells make up the ectocervix?
Stratified squamous epithelium
33
Describe the transitional zone of the cervix.
Simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix with overlying non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix
34
What are the breasts (mammary glands)?
Two multi-lobed mammary glands (compound tubuloalveolar glands) embedded in the connective and adipose tissue
35
List the flow of milk through the mammary glands.
1. Milk is produced by the secretory alveoli, which drains into the intralobular ducts 2. Interlobular ducts 3. Lactiferous sinuses 4. Lactiferous ducts 5. Nipple
36
What makes up the majority of the glandular tissue of the breasts?
Intralobular ducts
37
Describe the epithelial lining of the intralobular ducts.
1. Cuboidal epithelial cells | 2. Myoepithelial cells (clearer cytoplasm, squeeze the gland)
38
Describe the pathway for sperm conduction through the genital ducts.
1. Spermatozoa leave the seminiferous tubules via the tubule recti 2. Rete testis and efferent ductules (lead to the extra-testicular ducts) 3. Ductus epididymis 4. Ductus/vas deferns 5. Ejaculatory ducts of the prostate 6. Urethra
39
Describe the components of the seminiferous tubules.
1. Germinal epithelium | 2. Basement membrane
40
Describe the components of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.
1. Various stages of spermatogenic cells (germ cells) | 2. Sertoli cells (supporting cells)
41
What are the functions of Sertoli cells?
1. Blood-testis barrier | 2. Secrete fructose, androgen binding protein, anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin, and activin
42
Describe the components of the connective tissue in between the seminiferous tubules.
1. Tubuli recti 2. Vessels 3. Leydig cells
43
What is the function of Leydig cells?
Secrete testosterone
44
How do Sertoli cells appear on H&E stain?
Cells with dark nucleoli, located in the seminiferous tubules
45
How do Leydig cells appear on H&E stain?
Cells with pale abundant cytoplasm with many granules located outside of the seminiferous tubules
46
Describe the components of the prostate.
Branched tubuloalveolar glands lined by simple columnar epithelium that is highly folded creating an irregular lumen
47
What is found in the lumen of tubuloalveolar glands?
Prostatic secretions, including corpora amylacea
48
How does the penis appear in cross-section?
1. Corpus spongiosum (erectile tissue, surrounds urethra) | 2. Corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue with a rich vascular supply)
49
Contrast the appearance of the pituitary gland on H&E stain.
1. Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis, pars distalis) - stains red-blue 2. Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypohpysis, pars nervosa) - stains pale
50
List the three cells of the adenohypophysis and how they stain on H&E.
1. Acidophils (stain red) 2. Basophils (stain blue) 3. Chromophobes (stain pale)
51
What do acidophils secrete?
Growth hormone and prolactin
52
What do basophils secrete?
TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH
53
What are chromophobes?
Undifferentiated cells
54
The neurohypophysis resembles ___ tissue. What is contained in it?
Neural; glial cells, nerve fibers, nerve endings, intra-axonal neurosecretory granules
55
Precursors are ___ and ___ are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary, where processing is completed.
ADH (vasopressin); oxytocin
56
What are Hering bodies?
Large dilated axon terminal endings filled with accumulated neurosecretory granules in the posterior pituitary
57
How does a thyroid follicle appear on H&E?
Follicles are lined with a low cuboidal follicular epithelium and filled with colloid (pink homogenous material)
58
What is found between follicles and what is their role?
Parafollicular cells (C-cells); secrete calcitonin
59
How does the parathyroid gland appear on low power H&E?
Random cords of cells; lobulated in appearance, adipose tissue intermingled with secretory portions
60
What are the two cell types of the parathyroid gland?
1. Chief cells | 2. Oxyphil cells
61
What is the role of the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?
1. Chief cells - secrete PTH | 2. Oxyphil cells - function is unclear
62
Describe the appearance of chief and oxyphil cells.
1. Chief cells - large round nuclei with a small amount of clear cytoplasm 2. Oxyphil cells - smaller, darker nuclei, relatively large amount of cytoplasm
63
How does the adrenal gland appear on H&E stain?
1. Adipose tissue 2. Fibrous capsule 3. Cortex 4. Medulla
64
What is contained in the medulla of the adrenal gland?
Chromaffin cells (secrete EPI and NE)
65
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?
1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis
66
What is secreted in each of the layers of the adrenal cortex?
1. Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) 2. Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids - cortisol, corticosterone) 3. Zona reticularis (androgens - dehydroepiandrosterone)
67
How do the Islets of Langerhans appear in the endocrine pancreas on H*E stain?
Pale clumps of cells
68
What are the 4 types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?
1. Alpha 2. Beta 3. Delta 4. PP
69
What is secreted by alpha cells?
Glucagon
70
What is secreted by beta cells?
Insulin
71
What is secreted by delta cells?
Somatostatin and gastrin
72
What is secreted by PP cells?
Pancreatic polypeptide
73
List the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and the cell type by which they are each secreted.
1. TSH (thyrotrophs) 2. FSH (gonadotropin) 3. LH (gonadotropin) 4. ACTH (corticotrophs) 5. GH (somatotrophs) 6. PRL (lactotrophs)

MHD2 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions