block 1 prac test Flashcards
What is a cross section?
A slice perpendicular to the long axis.
What is a longitudinal section?
A slice taken parallel to the long axis.
Why is it necessary to examine a specimen in both cross and longitudinal sections?
To understand its three-dimensional structure.
What are the steps of protein synthesis?
Transcription (DNA to mRNA), Translation (mRNA to protein), Amino acid assembly at the ribosome.
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
It is the site of translation and assembles amino acids into proteins.
What is the function of tRNA during translation?
Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to mRNA codons.
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosome and serves as the template for amino acid assembly.
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Closely packed cells, minimal extracellular matrix, covers surfaces and lines cavities.
What distinguishes muscle tissue from other tissue types?
Unique ability to contract, enabling movement.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Provides support and structure, binds tissues, stores energy, aids in transport.
What are the four main tissue types studied in histology?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Why is staining important in histology?
It enhances visibility and differentiates between tissue types.
What does methylene blue stain?
The nucleus and sometimes cytoplasmic components.
What is the primary purpose of staining in histology?
To differentiate tissue components.
What does a cross section of a centriole reveal?
The arrangement and number of internal microtubule components.
What does a longitudinal section of a centriole show?
The length and orientation of microtubules.
When is SEM more useful than TEM?
For examining surface details of specimens.
What does SEM capture that TEM does not?
External topography of a specimen.
When is TEM more useful than SEM?
For studying internal ultrastructure of specimens.
What does TEM reveal about cilia?
Detailed cross and longitudinal sections.
How does a dissecting microscope orient a specimen?
It provides an upright image.
How does specimen movement appear in a dissecting microscope?
Moving left shifts the image right.
How does a compound microscope orient a specimen?
It inverts and reverses the image.
What is the total magnification with a 4x objective and 10x ocular lens?
40x.
What is the total magnification with a 10x objective and 10x ocular lens?
100x.
What is the total magnification with a 40x objective and 10x ocular lens?
400x.
What is the total magnification with a 100x objective and 10x ocular lens?
1000x.
What are the advantages of a dissecting microscope?
Views opaque, 3D objects, uses reflected light, lower magnification.
What are the advantages of a compound microscope?
High magnification, transmits light through thin specimens.
What is the function of a stain in microscopy?
Enhances contrast and visibility of cellular components.
What are the characteristics of a good biological drawing?
Continuous lines, no shading, labeled properly, proportionate, underlined heading.
What are the characteristics of a bad biological drawing?
Sketchy lines, shading, labels on drawing, missing heading, disproportionate.
What are the requirements for effective scientific graphing?
Descriptive title, labeled axes, and legend if needed.
What are the key components of a scientific graph?
Title, labeled axes, data points, and a legend.
What is the primary function of a compound light microscope?
To transmit light through a specimen
Which component of the compound microscope secures the slide?
Stage clip
What is the total magnification with a 10x ocular lens and a 40x objective lens?
400x
Why is staining a specimen, such as with methylene blue, important?
To enhance contrast and visibility of cellular components
What is a requirement for a biological drawing?
A heading that includes magnification and specimen details
What does a “cross section” refer to in microscopy?
A slice perpendicular to the long axis of a specimen
What is the first step in estimating the size of a specimen using a microscope?
Calculate the field of view using a ruler on the stage
What advantage does a dissecting microscope have over a compound microscope?
Ability to view opaque, 3D objects
What is the primary role of DNA in protein synthesis?
To serve as a template for mRNA synthesis
Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
mRNA
During translation, what does tRNA do?
Brings amino acids to the ribosome
What is the correct sequence of protein synthesis?
Transcription → Translation → Amino acid assembly
Which organelle is the site of translation in eukaryotic cells?
Ribosome
What happens if a mutation occurs in the DNA sequence?
The mRNA may code for a different amino acid sequence
What is histology the study of?
Microscopic structure of tissues
Which type of tissue is characterized by closely packed cells?
Epithelial tissue
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
To provide support and structure
Which staining technique is commonly used in histology slides?
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
What feature distinguishes muscle tissue from other tissue types?
Ability to contract
In a histological slide of nervous tissue, what would you expect to see?
Neurons and neuroglia
What must be included on the x-axis of a scientific graph?
The independent variable
What is a requirement for a table in a practical report?
A descriptive title above the table
When plotting data from an experiment, what does the slope of a line graph represent?
The rate of change between variables
What is the purpose of including a legend in a graph?
To identify different data sets or lines
If graphing temperature vs. time, which variable is on the y-axis?
Temperature
What is the primary goal of the prelab exercises in APES 1000?
To prepare students for practical sessions
Which resource is recommended for self-paced study in APES 1000?
Mastering Biology platform
What is a key benefit of attending the Academic Development Programme (ADP)?
It provides free academic support and improves marks
How should students approach learning skills for practicals?
Integrate lecture notes with practical material
What happens if a student fails to complete a prelab exercise before a practical?
They lose marks allocated for preparation
What is the difference between a cross section and a longitudinal section?
Cross: perpendicular to long axis. Longitudinal: parallel to long axis
What are the steps of protein synthesis?
Transcription → mRNA → Translation → Protein
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Closely packed cells, minimal extracellular matrix, lines surfaces
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Support, bind tissues, energy storage, transport
What are the requirements for effective scientific graphing?
Title, axis labels, and legend (if needed)
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
Site of translation and protein assembly
What is the significance of prelab exercises in APES 1000?
Ensure preparation and understanding before practicals
What is the importance of using staining techniques in histology?
To enhance visibility and differentiate tissue types
What is the function of tRNA during translation?
Carries amino acids and matches them to mRNA codons
What distinguishes muscle tissue from other tissue types?
Its ability to contract
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Transmits genetic code to ribosome
What does a cross section of a centriole reveal?
Arrangement of microtubules in a circular pattern
What is a longitudinal section?
A slice taken parallel to the long axis
Why is it necessary to examine a specimen in both cross and longitudinal sections?
To understand 3D structure
What does the cross section of a centriole show?
The arrangement and number of internal components
What does the longitudinal section of a centriole show?
The length and orientation of microtubules
When is SEM more useful than TEM?
For examining surface details
What does SEM capture that TEM does not?
External topography
When is TEM more useful than SEM?
For internal structure of specimens
What does TEM reveal about cilia?
Detailed cross and longitudinal sections
How does a dissecting microscope orient a specimen?
It provides an upright image
How does specimen movement appear in a dissecting microscope?
Moving left shifts the image right
How does a compound microscope orient a specimen?
It inverts and reverses the image
What happens to the image when moving a specimen left in a compound microscope?
It shifts the image right
What is the total magnifying power for a 4x objective lens with a 10x ocular lens?
40x
What is the total magnifying power for a 10x objective lens with a 10x ocular lens?
100x
What is the total magnifying power for a 40x objective lens with a 10x ocular lens?
400x
What is the total magnifying power for a 100x objective lens with a 10x ocular lens?
1000x
