Apes All

Question 1

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Question 2

What does the plasma membrane do?

Answer 2

Forms the outer covering of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.

Question 3

What is cytosol?

Answer 3

The jelly-like fluid that makes up the cytoplasm.

Question 4

What are organelles?

Answer 4

Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions.

Question 5

What limits the size of a cell?

Answer 5

Surface area to volume ratio; larger cells struggle to get enough resources and remove waste efficiently.

Question 6

What does a light microscope do?

Answer 6

Uses light and magnifying lenses to view living samples.

Question 7

What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) do?

Answer 7

Uses electrons to pass through a thin slice of sample to view internal structures.

Question 8

What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do?

Answer 8

Scans the surface of a sample with electrons to give a 3D image.

Question 9

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 9

Contains DNA and controls the cell’s activities.

Question 10

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 10

Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow RNA to exit the nucleus.

Question 11

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 11

The site where ribosomal parts and some RNA are synthesized.

Question 12

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 12

Synthesizes proteins by linking amino acids.

Question 13

What does the rough ER do?

Answer 13

Produces proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.

Question 14

What does the smooth ER do?

Answer 14

Synthesizes lipids like hormones and detoxifies substances.

Question 15

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 15

Refines, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.

Question 16

What are vesicles?

Answer 16

Membrane-bound sacs used for storage, transport, or digestion.

Question 17

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 17

Digest old organelles and waste.

Question 18

What do peroxisomes do?

Answer 18

Break down toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide.

Question 19

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 19

Produce ATP through cellular respiration using nutrients and oxygen.

Question 20

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 20

A network of microtubules and microfilaments that supports cell shape and movement.

Question 21

What are cilia and flagella?

Answer 21

Cilia are hair-like structures and flagella are tail-like structures that aid in movement.

Question 22

What are centrioles?

Answer 22

Microtubules involved in cell division.

Question 23

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Answer 23

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.

Question 24

What is passive transport?

Answer 24

Movement of substances across the membrane without energy using diffusion or osmosis.

Question 25

What is facilitated transport?

Answer 25

Movement of molecules via transport proteins, down their gradient.

Question 26

What is active transport?

Answer 26

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using ATP.

Question 27

What is endocytosis?

Answer 27

Mass movement of molecules into the cell by engulfing them.

Question 28

What is exocytosis?

Answer 28

Mass movement of molecules out of the cell via vesicles.

Question 29

What are anabolic reactions?

Answer 29

Reactions that build molecules and store energy.

Question 30

What are catabolic reactions?

Answer 30

Reactions that break down molecules and release energy.

Question 31

What happens in glycolysis?

Answer 31

Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.

Question 32

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 32

A cycle that produces energy carriers like NADH and CO2 from Acetyl-CoA.

Question 33

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 33

A series of proteins that generate ATP from NADH and FADH2.

Question 34

What are some unique properties of water?

Answer 34

It's a good solvent, has high heat capacity, and participates in chemical reactions.

Question 35

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 35

A process that builds macromolecules by removing water.

Question 36

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 36

Breaking macromolecules by adding water.

Question 37

What are the three types of lipids?

Answer 37

Steroids, phospholipids, and triglycerides.

Question 38

What are proteins made of?

Answer 38

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 39

What happens during transcription?

Answer 39

DNA is copied into RNA by RNA polymerase.

Question 40

What is a codon?

Answer 40

A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

Question 41

What happens during translation?

Answer 41

Ribosomes read mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Question 42

What happens during interphase?

Answer 42

The cell grows and DNA is replicated.

Question 43

What is mitosis?

Answer 43

The division of the nucleus.

Question 44

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 44

The division of the cytoplasm.

Question 45

What are the four types of tissues?

Answer 45

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Question 46

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 46

Supports and binds other tissues.

Question 47

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 47

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Question 48

What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 48

Filters, warms, and humidifies air.

Question 49

What is the role of the alveoli?

Answer 49

Gas exchange between air and blood.

Question 50

What affects gas exchange rate?

Answer 50

Surface area, partial pressure gradient, and membrane thickness.