Apes All Flashcards
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
What does the plasma membrane do?
Forms the outer covering of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
What is cytosol?
The jelly-like fluid that makes up the cytoplasm.
What are organelles?
Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions.
What limits the size of a cell?
Surface area to volume ratio; larger cells struggle to get enough resources and remove waste efficiently.
What does a light microscope do?
Uses light and magnifying lenses to view living samples.
What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) do?
Uses electrons to pass through a thin slice of sample to view internal structures.
What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do?
Scans the surface of a sample with electrons to give a 3D image.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA and controls the cell’s activities.
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow RNA to exit the nucleus.
What is the nucleolus?
The site where ribosomal parts and some RNA are synthesized.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Synthesizes proteins by linking amino acids.
What does the rough ER do?
Produces proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.
What does the smooth ER do?
Synthesizes lipids like hormones and detoxifies substances.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Refines, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.
What are vesicles?
Membrane-bound sacs used for storage, transport, or digestion.
What do lysosomes do?
Digest old organelles and waste.
What do peroxisomes do?
Break down toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produce ATP through cellular respiration using nutrients and oxygen.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of microtubules and microfilaments that supports cell shape and movement.
What are cilia and flagella?
Cilia are hair-like structures and flagella are tail-like structures that aid in movement.
What are centrioles?
Microtubules involved in cell division.
What is the plasma membrane made of?
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across the membrane without energy using diffusion or osmosis.
What is facilitated transport?
Movement of molecules via transport proteins, down their gradient.
What is active transport?
Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using ATP.
What is endocytosis?
Mass movement of molecules into the cell by engulfing them.
What is exocytosis?
Mass movement of molecules out of the cell via vesicles.
What are anabolic reactions?
Reactions that build molecules and store energy.
What are catabolic reactions?
Reactions that break down molecules and release energy.
What happens in glycolysis?
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
What is the Krebs cycle?
A cycle that produces energy carriers like NADH and CO2 from Acetyl-CoA.
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of proteins that generate ATP from NADH and FADH2.
What are some unique properties of water?
It’s a good solvent, has high heat capacity, and participates in chemical reactions.
What is dehydration synthesis?
A process that builds macromolecules by removing water.
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking macromolecules by adding water.
What are the three types of lipids?
Steroids, phospholipids, and triglycerides.
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
What happens during transcription?
DNA is copied into RNA by RNA polymerase.
What is a codon?
A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
What happens during translation?
Ribosomes read mRNA to synthesize proteins.
What happens during interphase?
The cell grows and DNA is replicated.
What is mitosis?
The division of the nucleus.
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm.
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
What does connective tissue do?
Supports and binds other tissues.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?
Filters, warms, and humidifies air.
What is the role of the alveoli?
Gas exchange between air and blood.
What affects gas exchange rate?
Surface area, partial pressure gradient, and membrane thickness.
