Apes All 2 Flashcards
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
What does the plasma membrane do?
Forms the outer covering of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
What is cytosol?
The jelly-like fluid that makes up the cytoplasm.
What are organelles?
Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions.
What limits the size of a cell?
Surface area to volume ratio; larger cells struggle to get enough resources and remove waste efficiently.
What does a light microscope do?
Uses light and magnifying lenses to view living samples.
What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) do?
Uses electrons to pass through a thin slice of sample to view internal structures.
What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do?
Scans the surface of a sample with electrons to give a 3D image.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA and controls the cell’s activities.
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow RNA to exit the nucleus.
What is the nucleolus?
The site where ribosomal parts and some RNA are synthesized.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Synthesizes proteins by linking amino acids.
What does the rough ER do?
Produces proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.
What does the smooth ER do?
Synthesizes lipids like hormones and detoxifies substances.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Refines, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.
What are vesicles?
Membrane-bound sacs used for storage, transport, or digestion.
What do lysosomes do?
Digest old organelles and waste.
What do peroxisomes do?
Break down toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produce ATP through cellular respiration using nutrients and oxygen.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of microtubules and microfilaments that supports cell shape and movement.
What are cilia and flagella?
Cilia are hair-like structures and flagella are tail-like structures that aid in movement.
What are centrioles?
Microtubules involved in cell division.
What is the plasma membrane made of?
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across the membrane without energy using diffusion or osmosis.
What is facilitated transport?
Movement of molecules via transport proteins, down their gradient.
What is active transport?
Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using ATP.
What is endocytosis?
Mass movement of molecules into the cell by engulfing them.
What is exocytosis?
Mass movement of molecules out of the cell via vesicles.
What are anabolic reactions?
Reactions that build molecules and store energy.
What are catabolic reactions?
Reactions that break down molecules and release energy.
What happens in glycolysis?
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
What is the Krebs cycle?
A cycle that produces energy carriers like NADH and CO2 from Acetyl-CoA.
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of proteins that generate ATP from NADH and FADH2.
What are some unique properties of water?
It’s a good solvent, has high heat capacity, and participates in chemical reactions.
What is dehydration synthesis?
A process that builds macromolecules by removing water.
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking macromolecules by adding water.
What are the three types of lipids?
Steroids, phospholipids, and triglycerides.
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
What happens during transcription?
DNA is copied into RNA by RNA polymerase.
What is a codon?
A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
What happens during translation?
Ribosomes read mRNA to synthesize proteins.
What happens during interphase?
The cell grows and DNA is replicated.
What is mitosis?
The division of the nucleus.
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm.
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
What does connective tissue do?
Supports and binds other tissues.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?
Filters, warms, and humidifies air.
What is the role of the alveoli?
Gas exchange between air and blood.
What affects gas exchange rate?
Surface area, partial pressure gradient, and membrane thickness.
What is the cytosol made of?
A jelly-like fluid that makes up the cytoplasm.
What are organelles?
Membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions in eukaryotic cells.
What do nuclear pores do?
Allow RNA to pass through the nuclear membrane for protein synthesis.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Synthesizes ribosomal parts that move to the cytoplasm for assembly.
What is the structure and function of the rough ER?
Studded with ribosomes; makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Refines, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids from the ER.
What are vesicles?
Membrane-bound spheres that transport resources, waste, and molecules.
What do lysosomes do?
Digest dead organelles and waste.
What do peroxisomes do?
Break down hydrogen peroxide and toxins like alcohol.
What does a light microscope (LM) do?
Uses light and lenses to view living samples.
What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) do?
Shoots electrons through thin slices to show internal structures.
What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do?
Scans a sample’s surface with electrons to produce a 3D image.
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane?
Provides strength and stability to the membrane.
What is passive transport?
Movement of molecules without ATP, using diffusion or osmosis.
What is facilitated transport?
Transport using proteins, still passive, but selective.
What is active transport?
Uses ATP to move molecules against the concentration gradient.
What is the Na-K pump?
An active transport system that pumps sodium out and potassium into the cell.
What is endocytosis?
Process of taking in materials via vesicles from extracellular fluid.
What is exocytosis?
Process of expelling materials from a cell via vesicles.
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
Has outer and folded inner membranes to increase surface area.
How is ATP produced in mitochondria?
Energy from nutrients is converted using oxygen.
Which energy source is easier for ATP production: glycogen or lipids?
Glycogen.
What are microtubules and microfilaments?
Proteins that make up the cytoskeleton for support and movement.
What do cilia and flagella do?
Aid in cell movement; cilia are hair-like, flagella are tail-like.
What do centrioles do?
Help organize cell division.
What is carbonic anhydrase?
An enzyme that helps convert CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid.
What are key properties of water?
Universal solvent, high heat capacity, cohesive and adhesive.
What is a buffer?
A substance that minimizes pH changes.
What is dehydration synthesis?
Joins molecules by removing water.
What is hydrolysis?
Breaks molecules by adding water.
What are the 3 types of lipids?
Steroids, phospholipids, and triglycerides.
What are enzymes made of?
Proteins composed of amino acids.
What can denature an enzyme?
High temperature or extreme pH.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
A sequence of amino acids.
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
Alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding.
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The 3D shape formed by interactions among R groups.
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Multiple polypeptide chains joined together.
What happens in transcription?
RNA is synthesized from DNA using RNA polymerase.
What is a codon?
A 3-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid.
What happens in translation?
Ribosomes use mRNA to assemble proteins from amino acids.
What does tRNA do?
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
What triggers translation to start?
The start codon (AUG).
What happens in G1 phase?
Cell grows and performs normal functions.
What happens in S phase?
DNA is replicated.
What happens in G2 phase?
Cell prepares for division.
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm.
What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
What is glycolysis?
The breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules.
What is the Krebs cycle?
A cycle that generates NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
What is the electron transport chain?
Uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.
What is the role of the nasal cavity?
Filters, warms, and humidifies air.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the airway.
What is negative pressure breathing?
Air flows into lungs due to lower pressure inside.
What factors affect gas exchange?
Surface area, membrane thickness, and partial pressure gradients.
How does CO2 affect pH?
Increases CO2 leads to carbonic acid, lowering pH.
What is the role of hemoglobin?
Binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
