Apes All 2 Flashcards
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
What does the plasma membrane do?
Forms the outer covering of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
What is cytosol?
The jelly-like fluid that makes up the cytoplasm.
What are organelles?
Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions.
What limits the size of a cell?
Surface area to volume ratio; larger cells struggle to get enough resources and remove waste efficiently.
What does a light microscope do?
Uses light and magnifying lenses to view living samples.
What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) do?
Uses electrons to pass through a thin slice of sample to view internal structures.
What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do?
Scans the surface of a sample with electrons to give a 3D image.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA and controls the cell’s activities.
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow RNA to exit the nucleus.
What is the nucleolus?
The site where ribosomal parts and some RNA are synthesized.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Synthesizes proteins by linking amino acids.
What does the rough ER do?
Produces proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.
What does the smooth ER do?
Synthesizes lipids like hormones and detoxifies substances.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Refines, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.
What are vesicles?
Membrane-bound sacs used for storage, transport, or digestion.
What do lysosomes do?
Digest old organelles and waste.
What do peroxisomes do?
Break down toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produce ATP through cellular respiration using nutrients and oxygen.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of microtubules and microfilaments that supports cell shape and movement.
What are cilia and flagella?
Cilia are hair-like structures and flagella are tail-like structures that aid in movement.
What are centrioles?
Microtubules involved in cell division.
What is the plasma membrane made of?
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across the membrane without energy using diffusion or osmosis.