Bladder cancer Flashcards
1
Q
Define bladder cancer
A
Malignancy of bladder cells (most are transitional cell carcinomas)
2
Q
Aetiology of bladder cancer
A
Unknown
3
Q
Risk factors for bladder cancer
6
A
Smoking Dye stuffs Cyclophosphamide treatment Pelvic irradiation Chronic UTIs Schistosomiasis
4
Q
Epidemiology of bladder cancer
prevalence x2, gender, age
A
2% of cancers
2nd most common cancer of genitourinary tract
2/3x more common in MALES
Peak incidence 50-70 yrs old
5
Q
Presenting symptoms of bladder cancer
6
A
Painless macroscopic haematuria Irritative/storage symptoms frequency urgency nocturia Recurrent UTIs Ureteral obstruction (RARELY)
6
Q
Signs of bladder cancer on physical examination
general + 1
A
Often NO SIGNS
Bimanual examination may be performed as part of disease staging
7
Q
Investigations for bladder cancer
4
A
Cystoscopy - allows visualisation, biopsy or removal
US
IV urography
CT/MRI - for staging
